Mastering Biology Chapter 17 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?

transcription

What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein?

translation

What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA?

RNA processing

Polypeptides are assembled from _____

<p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____

<p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

A codon consists of _____ bases and specifies which _____ will be inserted into the polypeptide chain.

<p>three...amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. What is the corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed?

<p>3' UCA 5'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What amino acid sequence will be generated based on the following mRNA codon sequence: 5' AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG 3'?

<p>met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that converts the genetic information stored in DNA to an RNA copy?

<p>transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA does not store the information to synthesize which of the following?

<p>organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a promoter?

<p>A site in DNA that recruits the RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the promoter of a protein-coding gene?

<p>The promoter is a nontranscribed region of a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines which base is to be added to an RNA strand during transcription?

<p>Base pairing between the DNA template strand and the RNA nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the newly synthesized RNA molecule and the DNA template strand?

<p>complementary</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to RNA polymerase II after it has completed transcription of a gene?

<p>It is free to bind to another promoter and begin transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does RNA polymerase begin transcribing a gene into mRNA?

<p>It starts after a certain nucleotide sequence called a promoter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?

<p>RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, causing the polymerase to separate from the DNA and release the transcript.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

<p>It unwinds the double helix and adds nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the conservation of the TATA box in evolution illustrate?

<p>Any mutation in the sequence is selected against.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During RNA processing, a(n) _____ is added to the 5' end of the RNA.

<p>modified guanine nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Transcription and Translation Processes

  • Transcription: The process where DNA serves as a template to synthesize pre-mRNA.
  • Translation: Information in mRNA is utilized to assemble polypeptides or proteins.

RNA Processing

  • RNA Processing: Modifies pre-mRNA to mature mRNA through editing.
  • Final Product: The processed RNA becomes mRNA, ready for translation.

Components Involved in Protein Synthesis

  • Amino Acids: Building blocks of proteins, assembled into polypeptides.
  • Codons: Triplets of nucleotide bases (three bases) in mRNA that specify which amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide chain.

Genetic Code and Transcription Details

  • A DNA triplet (5' AGT 3') transcribes to mRNA codon (3' UCA 5').
  • Example mRNA sequence (5' AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG 3') translates to the amino acid sequence: met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu.

Promoters and RNA Polymerase

  • Promoter: A nontranscribed region in DNA that signals RNA polymerase where to begin transcription.
  • RNA Polymerase: Enzyme that unwinds DNA and synthesizes RNA, starting at the promoter.

Mechanism of Transcription

  • Begins after a specific nucleotide sequence (promoter), aided by transcription factors in eukaryotes.
  • Base pairing between DNA template and RNA nucleotides determines RNA sequence.
  • Newly synthesized RNA is complementary to the DNA template strand.

Termination and Functionality of RNA Polymerase

  • In prokaryotes, termination occurs when RNA polymerase finishes transcribing the terminator sequence, releasing the RNA transcript.
  • After transcription, RNA polymerase is free to initiate transcription on other genes.

Evolutionary Aspects

  • The TATA box within promoters is highly conserved, indicating critical evolutionary importance; mutations are often detrimental.

Modifications in RNA Processing

  • A modified guanine nucleotide (5' cap) is added to the 5' end of RNA during processing, aiding stability and translation initiation.

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Description

Test your knowledge of Chapter 17 in Mastering Biology by reviewing essential terms like transcription and translation. These flashcards are designed to help reinforce your understanding of genetic processes. Perfect for students looking to solidify their grasp on key concepts in molecular genetics.

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