62 Questions
Which enzyme do methylxanthines inhibit to increase intracellular cAMP level?
Phosphodiesterase
What effect do methylxanthines have on smooth muscles?
Relaxation
How do methylxanthines affect mast cells?
Decrease release of inflammatory mediators by stabilizing mast cells
What is the mechanism by which methylxanthines block bronchoconstriction?
Inhibiting adenosine receptors
What effect do methylxanthines have on the central nervous system?
Cortical arousal
What is the effect of a high dose of methylxanthines on the cardiovascular system?
Increased heart rate
Which methylxanthine is used to treat intermittent claudication (Cramping in the legs due to poor circulation)?
Pentoxifylline
What is the diuretic effect of methylxanthines?
Weak diuretics
How do beta adrenoceptor agonists increase intracellular levels of cAMP?
By promoting adenylyl cyclase activity
What is the mechanism by which theophylline increases cAMP levels?
By inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity
Which receptor does Atropine antagonize?
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
What is the main effect of Atropine on airway smooth muscle?
Bronchodilation
What is the main side effect of Atropine?
Dry mouth
Which drug is a substitute for Atropine that acts selectively on the airways with few systemic effects?
Ipratropium Bromide (Atrovent)
How much of an inhaled dose of Ipratropium Bromide is absorbed into the circulation?
Less than 5%
Which drug is a longer-acting and more M1/M3 selective congener of Ipratropium Bromide?
Tiotropium Bromide (LAMA)
In which condition is Ipratropium Bromide used less often than beta-agonists?
Asthma
Which drug can be used together with albuterol in acute asthma?
Ipratropium Bromide (Atrovent)
Which are the major methylxanthines found in tea, cocoa, and coffee respectively?
Theophylline, theobromine, and caffeine
Why has the use of theophylline in asthma waned?
All of the above
What is the recommended dosage of Cromolyn and Nedocromil for patients with perennial asthma?
2-4 puffs two to four times a day
How does Cromolyn and Nedocromil work in the body?
Suppress histamine release
What are the adverse effects of Cromolyn and Nedocromil?
Throat irritation, cough, chest tightness
Why is Cromolyn and Nedocromil less commonly used in the current scenario?
It is less effective than ICS
What is the main use of Cromolyn and Nedocromil?
Relieving symptoms of perennial asthma and Reducing the need for bronchodilators
What is a rare but serious adverse effect of Cromolyn and Nedocromil?
Anaphylaxis
How do Cromolyn and Nedocromil affect mast cells?
Inhibit degranulation of mast cells
Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect of chronic corticosteroid use?
Relaxation of airway smooth muscle
Which of the following is a clinical use of systemic/oral corticosteroids (OCS)?
Exacerbations of severe chronic asthma
Which of the following is an example of an inhalation corticosteroid (ICS)?
Beclomethasone
How can the risk of oral candidiasis be reduced when using inhaled corticosteroids?
Gargling water and spitting after each inhalation treatment
How are cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium administered?
As aerosols through metered dose inhaler (MDI)
What is the main effect of cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium on airway smooth muscle tone?
No effect
What is the main advantage of ciclesonide compared to other aerosol delivered drugs?
Fewer side effects
What is the main use of cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium?
Prophylactic treatment
Which of the following drugs is an example of a leukotriene pathway inhibitor?
Zileuton
What is the main effect of leukotriene pathway inhibitors on bronchoconstriction?
They competitively antagonize bronchoconstriction
What is a potential adverse effect of leukotriene pathway inhibitors?
Headache
Which receptor does Omalizumab target?
Fc portion of IgE
What is the main mechanism of action of Omalizumab?
Binds to free IgG, thus reducing cell-bound IgE.
In which patients is Omalizumab reserved for use?
Patients not controlled on maximal doses of inhaled therapy and having serum IgE within a specified range
What is the most effective use of Omalizumab?
Patients with a history of repeated exacerbations
What cells does Omalizumab reduce the expression of FcɛRI on?
Mast cells, eosinophils, dendritic cells, basophils
Which of the following is a risk factor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Cigarette smokers
Which of the following is NOT a drug used for the treatment of stable COPD?
Omalizumab
What is the main treatment for acute COPD exacerbation?
Oxygen supplementation
Which of the following is a supportive therapy for COPD?
All of the above
Which of the following is a characteristic of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Progressive loss of pulmonary function
Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for stable COPD?
Omalizumab
Which antitussive acts centrally in the medulla and is effective at doses lower than required for analgesia?
Codeine
Which antitussive decreases sensitivity of cough receptors and interrupts cough impulse transmission by depressing the medullary cough center through sigma receptor stimulation?
Dextromethorphan
Which antitussive is a tetracaine congener with topical anesthetic action on respiratory stretch receptors?
Benzonatate
Which mucolytic acts by opening the disulfide bonds and lowering the viscosity of the mucus through its free sulfhydryl group that acts on mucoproteins?
Acetylcysteine
Which mucolytic is a DNA enzyme that cleaves DNA, reducing viscosity and is administered via nebulization once daily?
Dornase alpha
Which expectorant stimulates the mucus cells of the respiratory tract and is widely used, irriates gastric mucosa, and leads to respiratory tract secretions?
Guaifenesin
Which expectorant irritates the gastric mucosa and stimulates respiratory tract secretions?
Guaifenesin
Which expectorant increases secretions?
Potassium Iodide
Which antitussive is non-addictive, stimulates the sigma receptor and available over-the-counter?
Dextromethorphan
Which mucolytic is administered via nebulization and should be used after the administration of a bronchodilator to reduce bronchospasm?
Acetylcysteine
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of antitussives (cough center suppressants)?
They raise the threshold of cough center in the CNS.
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of expectorants?
They stimulate the mucus cells of the respiratory tract.
Which of the following is the main effect of expectorants?
Promotion of expulsion of secretion from respiratory passages.
Test your knowledge on the effects and side effects of Atropine with this informative quiz! Learn about its role as a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist and its impact on airway smooth muscle, secretory glands, and vasoconstriction. Discover the potential side effects and absorption of inhaled Atropine.
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