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Questions and Answers
Which enzyme do methylxanthines inhibit to increase intracellular cAMP level?
Which enzyme do methylxanthines inhibit to increase intracellular cAMP level?
What effect do methylxanthines have on smooth muscles?
What effect do methylxanthines have on smooth muscles?
How do methylxanthines affect mast cells?
How do methylxanthines affect mast cells?
What is the mechanism by which methylxanthines block bronchoconstriction?
What is the mechanism by which methylxanthines block bronchoconstriction?
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What effect do methylxanthines have on the central nervous system?
What effect do methylxanthines have on the central nervous system?
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What is the effect of a high dose of methylxanthines on the cardiovascular system?
What is the effect of a high dose of methylxanthines on the cardiovascular system?
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Which methylxanthine is used to treat intermittent claudication (Cramping in the legs due to poor circulation)?
Which methylxanthine is used to treat intermittent claudication (Cramping in the legs due to poor circulation)?
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What is the diuretic effect of methylxanthines?
What is the diuretic effect of methylxanthines?
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How do beta adrenoceptor agonists increase intracellular levels of cAMP?
How do beta adrenoceptor agonists increase intracellular levels of cAMP?
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What is the mechanism by which theophylline increases cAMP levels?
What is the mechanism by which theophylline increases cAMP levels?
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Which receptor does Atropine antagonize?
Which receptor does Atropine antagonize?
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What is the main effect of Atropine on airway smooth muscle?
What is the main effect of Atropine on airway smooth muscle?
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What is the main side effect of Atropine?
What is the main side effect of Atropine?
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Which drug is a substitute for Atropine that acts selectively on the airways with few systemic effects?
Which drug is a substitute for Atropine that acts selectively on the airways with few systemic effects?
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How much of an inhaled dose of Ipratropium Bromide is absorbed into the circulation?
How much of an inhaled dose of Ipratropium Bromide is absorbed into the circulation?
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Which drug is a longer-acting and more M1/M3 selective congener of Ipratropium Bromide?
Which drug is a longer-acting and more M1/M3 selective congener of Ipratropium Bromide?
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In which condition is Ipratropium Bromide used less often than beta-agonists?
In which condition is Ipratropium Bromide used less often than beta-agonists?
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Which drug can be used together with albuterol in acute asthma?
Which drug can be used together with albuterol in acute asthma?
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Which are the major methylxanthines found in tea, cocoa, and coffee respectively?
Which are the major methylxanthines found in tea, cocoa, and coffee respectively?
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Why has the use of theophylline in asthma waned?
Why has the use of theophylline in asthma waned?
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What is the recommended dosage of Cromolyn and Nedocromil for patients with perennial asthma?
What is the recommended dosage of Cromolyn and Nedocromil for patients with perennial asthma?
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How does Cromolyn and Nedocromil work in the body?
How does Cromolyn and Nedocromil work in the body?
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What are the adverse effects of Cromolyn and Nedocromil?
What are the adverse effects of Cromolyn and Nedocromil?
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Why is Cromolyn and Nedocromil less commonly used in the current scenario?
Why is Cromolyn and Nedocromil less commonly used in the current scenario?
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What is the main use of Cromolyn and Nedocromil?
What is the main use of Cromolyn and Nedocromil?
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What is a rare but serious adverse effect of Cromolyn and Nedocromil?
What is a rare but serious adverse effect of Cromolyn and Nedocromil?
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How do Cromolyn and Nedocromil affect mast cells?
How do Cromolyn and Nedocromil affect mast cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect of chronic corticosteroid use?
Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect of chronic corticosteroid use?
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Which of the following is a clinical use of systemic/oral corticosteroids (OCS)?
Which of the following is a clinical use of systemic/oral corticosteroids (OCS)?
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Which of the following is an example of an inhalation corticosteroid (ICS)?
Which of the following is an example of an inhalation corticosteroid (ICS)?
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How can the risk of oral candidiasis be reduced when using inhaled corticosteroids?
How can the risk of oral candidiasis be reduced when using inhaled corticosteroids?
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How are cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium administered?
How are cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium administered?
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What is the main effect of cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium on airway smooth muscle tone?
What is the main effect of cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium on airway smooth muscle tone?
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What is the main advantage of ciclesonide compared to other aerosol delivered drugs?
What is the main advantage of ciclesonide compared to other aerosol delivered drugs?
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What is the main use of cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium?
What is the main use of cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium?
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Which of the following drugs is an example of a leukotriene pathway inhibitor?
Which of the following drugs is an example of a leukotriene pathway inhibitor?
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What is the main effect of leukotriene pathway inhibitors on bronchoconstriction?
What is the main effect of leukotriene pathway inhibitors on bronchoconstriction?
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What is a potential adverse effect of leukotriene pathway inhibitors?
What is a potential adverse effect of leukotriene pathway inhibitors?
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Which receptor does Omalizumab target?
Which receptor does Omalizumab target?
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What is the main mechanism of action of Omalizumab?
What is the main mechanism of action of Omalizumab?
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In which patients is Omalizumab reserved for use?
In which patients is Omalizumab reserved for use?
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What is the most effective use of Omalizumab?
What is the most effective use of Omalizumab?
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What cells does Omalizumab reduce the expression of FcɛRI on?
What cells does Omalizumab reduce the expression of FcɛRI on?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Which of the following is a risk factor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
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Which of the following is NOT a drug used for the treatment of stable COPD?
Which of the following is NOT a drug used for the treatment of stable COPD?
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What is the main treatment for acute COPD exacerbation?
What is the main treatment for acute COPD exacerbation?
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Which of the following is a supportive therapy for COPD?
Which of the following is a supportive therapy for COPD?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
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Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for stable COPD?
Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for stable COPD?
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Which antitussive acts centrally in the medulla and is effective at doses lower than required for analgesia?
Which antitussive acts centrally in the medulla and is effective at doses lower than required for analgesia?
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Which antitussive decreases sensitivity of cough receptors and interrupts cough impulse transmission by depressing the medullary cough center through sigma receptor stimulation?
Which antitussive decreases sensitivity of cough receptors and interrupts cough impulse transmission by depressing the medullary cough center through sigma receptor stimulation?
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Which antitussive is a tetracaine congener with topical anesthetic action on respiratory stretch receptors?
Which antitussive is a tetracaine congener with topical anesthetic action on respiratory stretch receptors?
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Which mucolytic acts by opening the disulfide bonds and lowering the viscosity of the mucus through its free sulfhydryl group that acts on mucoproteins?
Which mucolytic acts by opening the disulfide bonds and lowering the viscosity of the mucus through its free sulfhydryl group that acts on mucoproteins?
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Which mucolytic is a DNA enzyme that cleaves DNA, reducing viscosity and is administered via nebulization once daily?
Which mucolytic is a DNA enzyme that cleaves DNA, reducing viscosity and is administered via nebulization once daily?
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Which expectorant stimulates the mucus cells of the respiratory tract and is widely used, irriates gastric mucosa, and leads to respiratory tract secretions?
Which expectorant stimulates the mucus cells of the respiratory tract and is widely used, irriates gastric mucosa, and leads to respiratory tract secretions?
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Which expectorant irritates the gastric mucosa and stimulates respiratory tract secretions?
Which expectorant irritates the gastric mucosa and stimulates respiratory tract secretions?
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Which expectorant increases secretions?
Which expectorant increases secretions?
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Which antitussive is non-addictive, stimulates the sigma receptor and available over-the-counter?
Which antitussive is non-addictive, stimulates the sigma receptor and available over-the-counter?
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Which mucolytic is administered via nebulization and should be used after the administration of a bronchodilator to reduce bronchospasm?
Which mucolytic is administered via nebulization and should be used after the administration of a bronchodilator to reduce bronchospasm?
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Which of the following is the mechanism of action of antitussives (cough center suppressants)?
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of antitussives (cough center suppressants)?
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Which of the following is the mechanism of action of expectorants?
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of expectorants?
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Which of the following is the main effect of expectorants?
Which of the following is the main effect of expectorants?
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Study Notes
Methylxanthines and Their Effects
- Methylxanthines inhibit phosphodiesterase to increase intracellular levels of cAMP.
- Relax smooth muscles, leading to bronchodilation and vasodilation.
- Stabilize mast cells, reducing histamine release and mediating an anti-inflammatory effect.
- Block bronchoconstriction by inhibiting adenosine receptors and increasing cAMP.
- Stimulate the central nervous system, promoting alertness and enhancing mood.
- High doses can lead to increased heart rate and arrhythmias in the cardiovascular system.
- Pentoxifylline is used to treat intermittent claudication due to its blood flow improvement properties.
- Methylxanthines have a diuretic effect, promoting increased urine production.
Beta Agonists and cAMP
- Beta adrenoceptor agonists increase cAMP levels by stimulating adenylyl cyclase activity.
- Theophylline increases cAMP levels by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, consequently prolonging cAMP activity.
Anticholinergic Agents
- Atropine antagonizes muscarinic receptors.
- Causes bronchodilation by relaxing airway smooth muscle tone.
- Main side effect includes dry mouth and potential tachycardia.
- Ipratropium Bromide serves as a selective alternative for airway treatment with minimal systemic effects.
- Only a small fraction (approximately 10-30%) of inhaled Ipratropium Bromide is absorbed into circulation.
- Tiotropium is a longer-acting and more selective M1/M3 congener of Ipratropium Bromide.
- Ipratropium Bromide is used less often than beta-agonists in treating acute asthma attacks.
- Can be combined with albuterol for treating acute asthma symptoms.
Methylxanthines in Food
- Major methylxanthines include caffeine in coffee, theobromine in cocoa, and theophylline in tea.
- Clinical use of theophylline in asthma management has declined due to side effects and alternative therapies.
Cromolyn and Nedocromil
- Recommended dosage for Cromolyn and Nedocromil in perennial asthma typically involves two to four inhalations per day.
- They work by inhibiting mast cell degranulation and stabilizing membranes.
- Common adverse effects include coughing and throat irritation.
- Less frequently used due to advances in other asthma treatments.
- Main use is as a preventive measure against asthma and allergic responses.
- A rare but serious adverse effect includes anaphylaxis.
Corticosteroids Overview
- Chronic corticosteroid use may lead to osteoporosis as a notable side effect.
- Common use of systemic/oral corticosteroids includes managing severe asthma exacerbations.
- An example of an inhalation corticosteroid is Fluticasone.
- Oral candidiasis risk can be reduced by using a spacer device and rinsing the mouth after inhalation.
- Cromolyn sodium and Nedocromil sodium are administered via inhalation, typically in aerosol form.
- Their main effect is maintaining airway smooth muscle tone by reducing hyperreactivity.
Ipratropium and Ciclesonide
- Ciclesonide's advantage lies in its activation upon administration, reducing potential systemic effects.
- Main use involves managing persistent asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) symptoms.
Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors
- An example of a leukotriene pathway inhibitor is Montelukast.
- They work by preventing bronchoconstriction through leukotriene receptor antagonism.
- Potential side effects may include mood changes or suicidal thoughts.
Omalizumab
- Omalizumab targets the IgE receptor (FcɛRI).
- Mechanism of action involves inhibiting IgE binding to its receptor, reducing allergic responses.
- Reserved for patients with severe asthma uncontrolled by conventional therapies.
- Most effective in allergic asthma patients.
- Reduces FcɛRI expression on basophils and mast cells.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Risk factors for COPD include smoking and environmental pollutants.
- Not all drugs for stable COPD include leukotriene inhibitors; beta-agonists and anticholinergics are primary treatments.
- Acute COPD exacerbation typically treated with bronchodilators.
- Supportive therapy may involve oxygen therapy.
Antitussives and Mucolytics
- Dextromethorphan acts centrally in the medulla, effective at low doses.
- Benzonatate decreases cough sensitivity by interrupting cough impulse transmission through sigma receptor stimulation.
- A mucolytic like N-acetylcysteine breaks disulfide bonds in mucus to lower viscosity.
- Dornase alfa is a DNA enzyme that cleaves DNA and lowers mucus viscosity in cystic fibrosis patients when nebulized.
- Guaifenesin stimulates mucus production and can irritate the gastric mucosa.
- Potassium iodide increases respiratory tract secretions.
- Non-addictive antitussive, available over-the-counter, is Dextromethorphan.
- Mucolytics should be used after bronchodilator administration to avoid bronchospasm.
- Antitussives work by suppressing the cough center, while expectorants enhance mucus clearance.
- Expectors stimulate mucus production, promoting airway clearance.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the effects and side effects of Atropine with this informative quiz! Learn about its role as a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist and its impact on airway smooth muscle, secretory glands, and vasoconstriction. Discover the potential side effects and absorption of inhaled Atropine.
