Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which mechanism of action is NOT associated with anti-epileptic drugs?
Which mechanism of action is NOT associated with anti-epileptic drugs?
- Inhibition of GABA reuptake
- Enhancement of GABA neurotransmission
- Modulation of cation channels
- Activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors (correct)
How do anti-epileptic drugs enhance GABA neurotransmission?
How do anti-epileptic drugs enhance GABA neurotransmission?
- By enhancing GABA neurotransmitter through GABA type A channels
- By inhibiting GABA reuptake
- By decreasing GABA catabolism
- All of the above (correct)
Which protein do anti-epileptic drugs act on to modulate synaptic release?
Which protein do anti-epileptic drugs act on to modulate synaptic release?
- SV2A (correct)
- gAMP subunit
- GABA type A channels
- AMPA receptors
Which type of brain waves are associated with intense mental activity or fright?
Which type of brain waves are associated with intense mental activity or fright?
Which electrolyte disorder can cause seizures?
Which electrolyte disorder can cause seizures?
Which type of seizure is characterized by a clouding of consciousness and strange, repetitious movements?
Which type of seizure is characterized by a clouding of consciousness and strange, repetitious movements?
Which condition is characterized by recurrent seizures and can have multiple underlying causes?
Which condition is characterized by recurrent seizures and can have multiple underlying causes?
Which type of seizure is also known as grand mal seizure and involves synchronous firing from all areas of the brain?
Which type of seizure is also known as grand mal seizure and involves synchronous firing from all areas of the brain?
Which factor can cause seizures?
Which factor can cause seizures?
Which age group is absence seizure most commonly seen in?
Which age group is absence seizure most commonly seen in?
Which type of seizure is characterized by lip-smacking and chewing automatisms?
Which type of seizure is characterized by lip-smacking and chewing automatisms?
Which condition can be a potential underlying cause of epilepsy?
Which condition can be a potential underlying cause of epilepsy?
Which brain activity is promoted by surgical anesthesia?
Which brain activity is promoted by surgical anesthesia?
Which type of seizure originates in a discrete region of the brain and can develop into a generalized seizure?
Which type of seizure originates in a discrete region of the brain and can develop into a generalized seizure?
Which type of seizure is characterized by a momentary loss of consciousness and is not accompanied by auras or postictal periods?
Which type of seizure is characterized by a momentary loss of consciousness and is not accompanied by auras or postictal periods?
What can cause focal seizures?
What can cause focal seizures?
Which type of seizure is associated with widespread electrical activity involving both hemispheres simultaneously?
Which type of seizure is associated with widespread electrical activity involving both hemispheres simultaneously?
What is the postictal period?
What is the postictal period?
Which type of seizure is characterized by lip-smacking and chewing automatisms?
Which type of seizure is characterized by lip-smacking and chewing automatisms?
What is an aura preceding a seizure?
What is an aura preceding a seizure?
What is the term for nonconvulsive generalized seizures characterized by a momentary loss of consciousness?
What is the term for nonconvulsive generalized seizures characterized by a momentary loss of consciousness?
What can focal seizures develop due to?
What can focal seizures develop due to?
Which age group is typically affected by absence seizures?
Which age group is typically affected by absence seizures?
Which genetic mutations can cause childhood absence epilepsy?
Which genetic mutations can cause childhood absence epilepsy?
Which type of seizure is precipitated by certain events like loud noises or flashing lights?
Which type of seizure is precipitated by certain events like loud noises or flashing lights?
Which brain regions are involved in the rapid spread of generalized seizures?
Which brain regions are involved in the rapid spread of generalized seizures?
What is the characteristic feature of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the characteristic feature of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the term used for the loss of control of visceral organ functions during a generalized tonic-clonic seizure?
What is the term used for the loss of control of visceral organ functions during a generalized tonic-clonic seizure?
Which type of seizure is characterized by a clouding of consciousness and strange, repetitious movements?
Which type of seizure is characterized by a clouding of consciousness and strange, repetitious movements?
Which neurotransmitter receptor mutation can cause childhood absence epilepsy?
Which neurotransmitter receptor mutation can cause childhood absence epilepsy?
What is the term used for the former name of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the term used for the former name of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
Which condition can lead to hyponatremia(low sodium level)?
Which condition can lead to hyponatremia(low sodium level)?
What is the major clinical manifestation of potassium disorders?
What is the major clinical manifestation of potassium disorders?
Which type of electrolyte disturbances are more likely to cause seizures?
Which type of electrolyte disturbances are more likely to cause seizures?
When should an electrolyte panel be done in patients with a first-time seizure?
When should an electrolyte panel be done in patients with a first-time seizure?
What can cause seizures to occur?
What can cause seizures to occur?
Which type of seizure may or may not cause the person to lose consciousness?
Which type of seizure may or may not cause the person to lose consciousness?
What should focal seizures not be confused with?
What should focal seizures not be confused with?
Which type of seizures have a high discharge rate due to localized reverberating circuits?
Which type of seizures have a high discharge rate due to localized reverberating circuits?
What is the term for nonconvulsive generalized seizures characterized by a momentary loss of consciousness?
What is the term for nonconvulsive generalized seizures characterized by a momentary loss of consciousness?
Which neurotransmitter is the principal inhibitory brain neurotransmitter?
Which neurotransmitter is the principal inhibitory brain neurotransmitter?
What is the principal excitatory brain neurotransmitter?
What is the principal excitatory brain neurotransmitter?
What is the overall mechanistic strategy of neurotransmitters in relation to seizure threshold?
What is the overall mechanistic strategy of neurotransmitters in relation to seizure threshold?
Which type of channels are opened through increased GABA binding?
Which type of channels are opened through increased GABA binding?
What are the voltage-gated sodium and calcium antagonists used for?
What are the voltage-gated sodium and calcium antagonists used for?
What is the mechanism of reuptake inhibitors for GABA and blocking GABA metabolism?
What is the mechanism of reuptake inhibitors for GABA and blocking GABA metabolism?
Which part of the brain can Jacksonian seizures originate from?
Which part of the brain can Jacksonian seizures originate from?
What is the characteristic progression pattern of Jacksonian seizures?
What is the characteristic progression pattern of Jacksonian seizures?
What is the term used to describe the tonic and clonic contraction pattern of Jacksonian seizures?
What is the term used to describe the tonic and clonic contraction pattern of Jacksonian seizures?
Which direction do the head and eyes typically turn during a Jacksonian seizure?
Which direction do the head and eyes typically turn during a Jacksonian seizure?
Which type of ion channels do anti-epileptic drugs target to decrease seizure incidence?
Which type of ion channels do anti-epileptic drugs target to decrease seizure incidence?
Which method of treatment for seizures involves opening chloride channels and inducing hyperpolarization of post-synaptic neurons?
Which method of treatment for seizures involves opening chloride channels and inducing hyperpolarization of post-synaptic neurons?
Which type of calcium channels are inhibited by ethosuximide?
Which type of calcium channels are inhibited by ethosuximide?
What is the clinical indication for ethosuximide?
What is the clinical indication for ethosuximide?
Which type of neurons have hyperactive T-type Ca2+ channels?
Which type of neurons have hyperactive T-type Ca2+ channels?
What is the effect of ethosuximide on thalamocortical activity?
What is the effect of ethosuximide on thalamocortical activity?
Which type of muscle cells have L-type calcium channels?
Which type of muscle cells have L-type calcium channels?
What is the primary adverse effect of ethosuximide?
What is the primary adverse effect of ethosuximide?
What effect does ethosuximide have on seizure threshold?
What effect does ethosuximide have on seizure threshold?
What is the mechanism of action of ethosuximide?
What is the mechanism of action of ethosuximide?
What is the volume of distribution of ethosuximide?
What is the volume of distribution of ethosuximide?
What is the half-life of ethosuximide?
What is the half-life of ethosuximide?
Phenytoin is effective against which types of seizures?
Phenytoin is effective against which types of seizures?
What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of phenytoin?
What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of phenytoin?
What is the major adverse effect associated with chronic phenytoin treatment?
What is the major adverse effect associated with chronic phenytoin treatment?
What percentage of phenytoin is bound to albumin?
What percentage of phenytoin is bound to albumin?
What is the elimination order of phenytoin at high concentrations?
What is the elimination order of phenytoin at high concentrations?
What is the primary enzyme responsible for metabolizing phenytoin in the liver?
What is the primary enzyme responsible for metabolizing phenytoin in the liver?
Which type of calcium channels are hyperactive in the absence of ethosuximide?
Which type of calcium channels are hyperactive in the absence of ethosuximide?
What effect does ethosuximide have on T-type calcium channels?
What effect does ethosuximide have on T-type calcium channels?
How does ethosuximide affect the activity in the corticothalamic pathway?
How does ethosuximide affect the activity in the corticothalamic pathway?
What is the consequence of hyperactive T-type calcium channels?
What is the consequence of hyperactive T-type calcium channels?
What effect does ethosuximide have on the seizure threshold?
What effect does ethosuximide have on the seizure threshold?
Which type of seizures can be treated with valproate?
Which type of seizures can be treated with valproate?
What is the mechanism of action of valproate?
What is the mechanism of action of valproate?
Which enzymes are involved in the metabolism of valproate?
Which enzymes are involved in the metabolism of valproate?
Which adverse effects are associated with valproate?
Which adverse effects are associated with valproate?
Which drugs bind to the Ca2+ channel subunit α2δ1 and block voltage-gated calcium channels?
Which drugs bind to the Ca2+ channel subunit α2δ1 and block voltage-gated calcium channels?
What is the mechanism of action of gabapentin and pregabalin in the treatment of seizures?
What is the mechanism of action of gabapentin and pregabalin in the treatment of seizures?
Which benzodiazepines can be used to treat seizures?
Which benzodiazepines can be used to treat seizures?
What is the primary adverse effect associated with chronic use of benzodiazepines for seizures?
What is the primary adverse effect associated with chronic use of benzodiazepines for seizures?
Which factor determines the proper medical treatment for a patient with a seizure?
Which factor determines the proper medical treatment for a patient with a seizure?
In which situation should a patient not be given chronic treatment of an anti-epileptic?
In which situation should a patient not be given chronic treatment of an anti-epileptic?
What is the most common treatment approach for seizures?
What is the most common treatment approach for seizures?
When will a second agent be added for seizure treatment?
When will a second agent be added for seizure treatment?
What is the main mechanism of action for most anti-epileptic drugs?
What is the main mechanism of action for most anti-epileptic drugs?
How do anti-epileptic drugs decrease glutamate release?
How do anti-epileptic drugs decrease glutamate release?
What effect do anti-epileptic drugs have on GABA neurotransmission?
What effect do anti-epileptic drugs have on GABA neurotransmission?
What is the role of GABA neurotransmission in relation to seizures?
What is the role of GABA neurotransmission in relation to seizures?
Which type of channels do benzodiazepines increase the frequency of opening?
Which type of channels do benzodiazepines increase the frequency of opening?
What is the effect of benzodiazepines on the membrane potential?
What is the effect of benzodiazepines on the membrane potential?
Why are benzodiazepines given for acute events rather than chronically?
Why are benzodiazepines given for acute events rather than chronically?
Flashcards
GABA Enhancement
GABA Enhancement
Enhancing GABA neurotransmission involves boosting GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
AED Targets
AED Targets
Anti-epileptic drugs often target GABA receptors, voltage-gated sodium channels, and calcium channels.
Beta Brain Waves
Beta Brain Waves
Beta brain waves are linked to intense mental activity or fright.
Complex Partial Seizures
Complex Partial Seizures
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Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
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Seizure Causes
Seizure Causes
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Absence Seizures Age
Absence Seizures Age
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Automatisms in Seizures
Automatisms in Seizures
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Epilepsy Causes
Epilepsy Causes
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Delta Brain Waves
Delta Brain Waves
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Focal to Generalized
Focal to Generalized
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Absence Seizure Traits
Absence Seizure Traits
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Focal Seizure Causes
Focal Seizure Causes
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Generalized Seizures Brain
Generalized Seizures Brain
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Epilepsy Definition
Epilepsy Definition
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Postictal Period
Postictal Period
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Seizure Aura
Seizure Aura
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Absence Seizures Definition
Absence Seizures Definition
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Absence Epilepsy Genetics
Absence Epilepsy Genetics
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Ethosuximide Target
Ethosuximide Target
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Ethosuximide MOA
Ethosuximide MOA
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Ethosuximide Use
Ethosuximide Use
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Phenytoin Use
Phenytoin Use
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Phenytoin MOA
Phenytoin MOA
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Valproate Use
Valproate Use
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Valproate MOA
Valproate MOA
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Clonazepam MOA
Clonazepam MOA
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Gabapentin/Pregabalin MOA
Gabapentin/Pregabalin MOA
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Focal Seizure Origin
Focal Seizure Origin
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What is a Seizure?
What is a Seizure?
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Study Notes
Mechanisms of Anti-Epileptic Drugs
- Not associated with anti-epileptic drugs: increasing the activity of the neurotransmitter aspartate
- Enhancement of GABA neurotransmission: increasing the activity of GABA, which is the principal inhibitory brain neurotransmitter
- Target of anti-epileptic drugs: GABA receptors and voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels
- Chloride channels are opened through increased GABA binding
Types of Seizures
- Associated with intense mental activity or fright: beta brain waves
- Characterized by a clouding of consciousness and strange, repetitious movements: complex partial seizures
- Also known as grand mal seizure, involves synchronous firing from all areas of the brain: generalized tonic-clonic seizures
- Can cause seizures: electrolyte disturbances, infection, head trauma
- Most commonly seen in: absence seizures in children
- Characterized by lip-smacking and chewing automatisms: complex partial seizures
- Can be a potential underlying cause of epilepsy: genetics, head trauma, infection, stroke
Brain Activity and Seizures
- Promoted by surgical anesthesia: delta brain waves
- Can develop into a generalized seizure: focal seizures
- Characterized by a momentary loss of consciousness and is not accompanied by auras or postictal periods: absence seizures
- Focal seizures can develop due to: scarring, tumor, infection
- Can cause focal seizures: scarring, tumor, infection
- Generalized seizures: widespread electrical activity involving both hemispheres simultaneously
Epilepsy and Seizures
- Condition characterized by recurrent seizures and multiple underlying causes: epilepsy
- Postictal period: period of confusion, disorientation, and fatigue following a seizure
- Characterized by lip-smacking and chewing automatisms: complex partial seizures
- Aura preceding a seizure: strange sensation or smell that warns of an impending seizure
- Term for nonconvulsive generalized seizures characterized by a momentary loss of consciousness: absence seizures
- Genetic mutations that can cause childhood absence epilepsy: genes that code for GABA receptor subunits and T-type calcium channels
Anti-Epileptic Drugs
- Target of ethosuximide: T-type calcium channels
- Mechanism of action of ethosuximide: blocking T-type calcium channels and reducing thalamocortical activity
- Clinical indication for ethosuximide: absence seizures
- Phenytoin is effective against: partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures
- Mechanism of action of phenytoin: blocking voltage-gated sodium channels
- Valproate is effective against: absence, partial, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures
- Mechanism of action of valproate: increasing GABA levels and blocking voltage-gated sodium channels
- Gabapentin and pregabalin mechanism of action: increasing GABA levels and binding to the Ca2+ channel subunit α2δ1
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Description
Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of action (MOAs) for anti-epileptic drugs. Learn about how these drugs modulate cation channels, enhance GABA neurotransmission, inhibit GABA reuptake, and more. Challenge yourself with questions on the MOAs of anti-epileptics and enhance your understanding of these important medications.
