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Questions and Answers
Which branch of the vagus nerve innervates the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal viscera?
Which ganglion is associated with the vagus nerve?
Which spinal cord segments are responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of the pelvic organs?
Which plexus is involved in the postganglionic sympathetic pathway to the pelvic organs?
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Which nerve is responsible for sympathetic ejaculation?
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Which branch of the vagus nerve innervates the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?
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Which ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic innervation of the ciliary muscle?
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Which spinal cord segments are responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of the pelvic organs?
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Which plexus is involved in the postganglionic sympathetic pathway to the pelvic organs?
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Which nerve is responsible for the sympathetic innervation of the rectum?
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the control of involuntary bodily functions such as cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive functions?
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How many efferent neurons are needed in each pathway of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system to innervate the target organ?
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Which neurotransmitter is released by the first efferent neuron in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways?
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the control of smooth, cardiac muscles, and glands?
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Which cranial nerve is the main motor nerve for the skeletal muscles of the larynx?
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Which division of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary or visceral functions?
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What is the main difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
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Where does the synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system most likely occur?
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Which nerve is responsible for innervating the thoracic organs and has a direct relationship with the vagus nerve?
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How do the dorsal branches of the vagus nerve join together to form the dorsal vagal trunk?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- Somatic Nervous System (SNS): Voluntary control over skeletal muscles.
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Involuntary control, affecting smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
Autonomic Nervous System Divisions
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: Responsible for rest and digest functions, counteracts stress.
- Sympathetic Nervous System: Engaged during stress; controls fight or flight responses.
Anatomical Pathways
- Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurons: ANS pathways consist of preganglionic neurons that synapse with postganglionic neurons to innervate target organs.
- Location of Synapse: Commonly occurs in autonomic ganglia.
Vagus Nerve
- Identified within the thorax, the vagus nerve has significant connections with the organs in the cranial, middle, and caudal mediastinum.
- Forms the vagosympathetic trunk with the sympathetic trunk, indicating anatomical relationships between parasympathetic and sympathetic systems.
Vagus Nerve Divisions
- Dorsal and Ventral Branches: Dorsal branches join to create the dorsal vagal trunk, while ventral branches combine to form the ventral vagal trunk.
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
- Right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve: Arises from the vagus nerve at the right subclavian artery level.
- Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve: Branches off from the vagus nerve near the aortic arch.
Parasympathetic Innervation of Pelvic Organs
- Pelvic Nerve and Pelvic Plexus: Responsible for parasympathetic innervation in pelvic organs.
Hypogastric Nerve
- Functions to relay autonomic information within the pelvic region.
Neurotransmitters
- First Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine is released by preganglionic neurons in both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
- Second Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine is also used by postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system.
Cranial Nerves Involved
- Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor): Innervates eye muscles.
- Cranial Nerve VII (Facial): Impacts glands of the head.
- Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal): Involved in gland control in the head.
- Cranial Nerve X (Vagus): Major nerve controlling thoracic and abdominal organs.
Preganglionic Pathway of Vagus Nerve
- Originates from the parasympathetic nuclei in the brainstem, traveling through the vagus nerve and branching to reach various body organs.
Postganglionic Pathway
- Comprises terminal ganglia located within the walls of the organs being innervated, facilitating localized control.
Visualization Insights
- Dorsal and ventral vagal trunks connect to major abdominal organs like the stomach and liver via the celiacomesenteric plexus.
- An emergency diagram representation illustrates the vagus nerve's pathways along with the anatomical structures of the thorax and abdomen.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the parasympathetic nervous system with this quiz! Learn about the differences between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, compare the divisions of the autonomic nervous system, and understand the pathways for different body regions. Put your anatomy skills to the test!
