Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which area of the motor cortex is responsible for controlling muscles in the hand and muscles concerning speech?
Which area of the motor cortex is responsible for controlling muscles in the hand and muscles concerning speech?
What is the function of the motor cortex?
What is the function of the motor cortex?
What can somatic signals do to muscle contraction?
What can somatic signals do to muscle contraction?
How many areas is the motor cortex divided into?
How many areas is the motor cortex divided into?
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Where does the primary cortex begin?
Where does the primary cortex begin?
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Which area is responsible for motor imaging and contains mirror neurons?
Which area is responsible for motor imaging and contains mirror neurons?
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Where are supplemental areas located?
Where are supplemental areas located?
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Which area is known as Broca's area and is responsible for motor speech?
Which area is known as Broca's area and is responsible for motor speech?
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Which area controls bilateral movements such as climbing or grasping an object with both hands?
Which area controls bilateral movements such as climbing or grasping an object with both hands?
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Which area has more complex patterns compared to the primary motor cortex?
Which area has more complex patterns compared to the primary motor cortex?
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Which tract originates in the red nucleus?
Which tract originates in the red nucleus?
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Which cells are found only in the motor cortex and project down through the spinal cord onto motor neurons?
Which cells are found only in the motor cortex and project down through the spinal cord onto motor neurons?
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Which lesions can cause a dramatic increase in extensor tone called decerebrate rigidity?
Which lesions can cause a dramatic increase in extensor tone called decerebrate rigidity?
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Which tract originates in the superior colliculus?
Which tract originates in the superior colliculus?
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Where do pyramidal tracts decussate?
Where do pyramidal tracts decussate?
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Which cells are referred to as magnocellular cells?
Which cells are referred to as magnocellular cells?
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Which laminae perform most of the intracortical association functions?
Which laminae perform most of the intracortical association functions?
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Which cells give rise to the output fibers of the cerebral cortex?
Which cells give rise to the output fibers of the cerebral cortex?
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Where do most incoming sensory signals terminate within the cerebral cortex?
Where do most incoming sensory signals terminate within the cerebral cortex?
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Which layer of the primary motor cortex contains pyramidal cells?
Which layer of the primary motor cortex contains pyramidal cells?
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Which laminae receive inputs in the primary motor cortex?
Which laminae receive inputs in the primary motor cortex?
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Which type of neurons in the red nucleus are more abundant?
Which type of neurons in the red nucleus are more abundant?
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Which type of neurons fire at a slower rate and maintain the force of contraction for as long as needed?
Which type of neurons fire at a slower rate and maintain the force of contraction for as long as needed?
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Which type of neurons are excited for short periods of time and cause rapid development of force?
Which type of neurons are excited for short periods of time and cause rapid development of force?
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Which cells are responsible for transmitting both dynamic and static signals?
Which cells are responsible for transmitting both dynamic and static signals?
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Which descending tracts terminate mainly on interneurons and motor nerves?
Which descending tracts terminate mainly on interneurons and motor nerves?
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Where is the red nucleus located?
Where is the red nucleus located?
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Which tract decussates in the lower brain stem and goes into the lateral columns of the spinal cord?
Which tract decussates in the lower brain stem and goes into the lateral columns of the spinal cord?
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Which nucleus serves as an alternative pathway for transmitting cortical signals to the spinal cord?
Which nucleus serves as an alternative pathway for transmitting cortical signals to the spinal cord?
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Which cells give rise to the rubrospinal tract?
Which cells give rise to the rubrospinal tract?
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Where does the rubrospinal tract originate?
Where does the rubrospinal tract originate?
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What is the function of the red nucleus?
What is the function of the red nucleus?
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Which portion of the red nucleus is similar in size to Betz cells?
Which portion of the red nucleus is similar in size to Betz cells?
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Which lobe of the brain is important for language comprehension?
Which lobe of the brain is important for language comprehension?
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Which area is responsible for word formation in language?
Which area is responsible for word formation in language?
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What is the consequence of damage to the angular gyrus in the occipital lobe?
What is the consequence of damage to the angular gyrus in the occipital lobe?
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Which area is responsible for language comprehension?
Which area is responsible for language comprehension?
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What is the consequence of damage to Broca's area?
What is the consequence of damage to Broca's area?
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Which area within the parieto-occipitotemporal area is responsible for visual reading of words?
Which area within the parieto-occipitotemporal area is responsible for visual reading of words?
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What is the consequence of damage to the arcuate fasciculus?
What is the consequence of damage to the arcuate fasciculus?
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Where are names of objects learned through?
Where are names of objects learned through?
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Which area of the brain is responsible for connecting the speech motor areas with the language comprehension area?
Which area of the brain is responsible for connecting the speech motor areas with the language comprehension area?
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How are the physical nature of objects learned according to the text?
How are the physical nature of objects learned according to the text?
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Which two cortical areas are specialized for language?
Which two cortical areas are specialized for language?
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Where is Wernicke's area located?
Where is Wernicke's area located?
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How is the understanding of the meaning of words achieved?
How is the understanding of the meaning of words achieved?
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Which tract connects Wernicke's area to Broca's area?
Which tract connects Wernicke's area to Broca's area?
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What is the consequence of damage to Broca's area?
What is the consequence of damage to Broca's area?
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What is the consequence of damage to Wernicke's area?
What is the consequence of damage to Wernicke's area?
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Which hemisphere is dominant for right-handed people?
Which hemisphere is dominant for right-handed people?
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Which hemisphere can be dominant for left-handed people?
Which hemisphere can be dominant for left-handed people?
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Which area is important for interpreting complicated meanings of sensory experiences?
Which area is important for interpreting complicated meanings of sensory experiences?
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Which area is used for speaking a written word but not for speaking a heard word?
Which area is used for speaking a written word but not for speaking a heard word?
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What do fibers in the corpus callosum provide between the two cerebral hemispheres?
What do fibers in the corpus callosum provide between the two cerebral hemispheres?
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What types of functions may the non-dominant hemisphere be used for?
What types of functions may the non-dominant hemisphere be used for?
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Which disease is the most common form of dementia in the United States?
Which disease is the most common form of dementia in the United States?
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with the loss of cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the loss of cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease?
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Where does degeneration occur in Alzheimer's disease?
Where does degeneration occur in Alzheimer's disease?
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What are the microscopic findings in Alzheimer's disease?
What are the microscopic findings in Alzheimer's disease?
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Which disease is a leading cause of death from cardiovascular disease in the United States?
Which disease is a leading cause of death from cardiovascular disease in the United States?
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What is the importance of time in stroke care?
What is the importance of time in stroke care?
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Which type of stroke is caused by an occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel resulting in an infarction?
Which type of stroke is caused by an occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel resulting in an infarction?
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What is the main cause of hemorrhagic stroke?
What is the main cause of hemorrhagic stroke?
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Which symptoms can be induced by a stroke?
Which symptoms can be induced by a stroke?
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What can cause an ischemic stroke?
What can cause an ischemic stroke?
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What is the main cause of intracerebral hemorrhage?
What is the main cause of intracerebral hemorrhage?
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Which artery supplies the largest portion of the left cerebral hemisphere?
Which artery supplies the largest portion of the left cerebral hemisphere?
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What symptoms can occur as a result of an occlusion in one of the distal stems of the MCA?
What symptoms can occur as a result of an occlusion in one of the distal stems of the MCA?
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What structures can be affected by an infarction in the internal capsule?
What structures can be affected by an infarction in the internal capsule?
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Which area of the brain is responsible for speech impairment in motor aphasia?
Which area of the brain is responsible for speech impairment in motor aphasia?
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Which artery is associated with occlusion that can cause visual field defects and deviation of the head and eyes towards the side of the lesion?
Which artery is associated with occlusion that can cause visual field defects and deviation of the head and eyes towards the side of the lesion?
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Which direction do the head and eyes deviate towards when the MCA is occluded?
Which direction do the head and eyes deviate towards when the MCA is occluded?
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Which area of the cerebellum is responsible for controlling dynamic balance and eye movements?
Which area of the cerebellum is responsible for controlling dynamic balance and eye movements?
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Which area of the cerebellum receives information from the motor cortex and periphery to coordinate movement?
Which area of the cerebellum receives information from the motor cortex and periphery to coordinate movement?
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Which area of the cerebellum helps to plan, sequence, and time complex movements?
Which area of the cerebellum helps to plan, sequence, and time complex movements?
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Which zone of the cerebellum is responsible for motor coordination of the axial body, neck, shoulders, and hips?
Which zone of the cerebellum is responsible for motor coordination of the axial body, neck, shoulders, and hips?
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Which zone of the cerebellum controls muscle contractions in the upper and lower limbs, and face?
Which zone of the cerebellum controls muscle contractions in the upper and lower limbs, and face?
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Which zone of the cerebellum joins with the cerebral cortex in overall planning of sequential motor movements?
Which zone of the cerebellum joins with the cerebral cortex in overall planning of sequential motor movements?
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Which zones receive information from the cerebral cortex and do not have topographs?
Which zones receive information from the cerebral cortex and do not have topographs?
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Which tracts mainly go to the lateral zones?
Which tracts mainly go to the lateral zones?
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Which tracts come from the periphery and terminate in vermis and intermediate zones?
Which tracts come from the periphery and terminate in vermis and intermediate zones?
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Which tracts receive information from the periphery and terminate in the vermis and intermediate zones?
Which tracts receive information from the periphery and terminate in the vermis and intermediate zones?
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What type of signals do the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts receive?
What type of signals do the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts receive?
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Where does the ventral spinocerebellar tract receive information from?
Where does the ventral spinocerebellar tract receive information from?
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Which structures receive efferent signals from the cerebellum?
Which structures receive efferent signals from the cerebellum?
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Where do deep cerebellar nuclei receive signals from?
Where do deep cerebellar nuclei receive signals from?
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What is the function of the cerebellar cortex in the input signal pathway?
What is the function of the cerebellar cortex in the input signal pathway?
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Which layer of the cerebellum is the innermost?
Which layer of the cerebellum is the innermost?
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What type of output signal does the purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum provide?
What type of output signal does the purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum provide?
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What type of fibers provide excitatory input to the cerebellar cortex?
What type of fibers provide excitatory input to the cerebellar cortex?
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What is the function of the complex circuit in the cerebellum?
What is the function of the complex circuit in the cerebellum?
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Which cells in the cerebellum are responsible for modulating the activity of circuits that go to the deep cerebellar nuclei?
Which cells in the cerebellum are responsible for modulating the activity of circuits that go to the deep cerebellar nuclei?
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What type of fibers provide excitatory input to the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum?
What type of fibers provide excitatory input to the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum?
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What is the function of cerebellar interneurons, except for granule cells?
What is the function of cerebellar interneurons, except for granule cells?
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What is the consequence of damage to the angular gyrus in the occipital lobe?
What is the consequence of damage to the angular gyrus in the occipital lobe?
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What is the primary output from the cerebellar cortex?
What is the primary output from the cerebellar cortex?
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What determines the output of the cerebellar cortex?
What determines the output of the cerebellar cortex?
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What is the role of the deep nuclear cells in the cerebellum?
What is the role of the deep nuclear cells in the cerebellum?
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What is the function of the complex spikes in the cerebellum?
What is the function of the complex spikes in the cerebellum?
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Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for providing anticipatory correction?
Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for providing anticipatory correction?
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What is the function of the climbing fiber in the cerebellum?
What is the function of the climbing fiber in the cerebellum?
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Which part of the cerebellum is the oldest?
Which part of the cerebellum is the oldest?
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Which part of the cerebellum provides information on the body's balance and equilibrium?
Which part of the cerebellum provides information on the body's balance and equilibrium?
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What is the function of the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum?
What is the function of the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum?
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What is required for learning to occur in the cerebellum?
What is required for learning to occur in the cerebellum?
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What can influence the function of the vestibulocerebellum?
What can influence the function of the vestibulocerebellum?
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Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for smooth, coordinated movements of muscles in the distal limbs?
Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for smooth, coordinated movements of muscles in the distal limbs?
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What information does the intermediate zone of the cerebellum receive when a movement is performed?
What information does the intermediate zone of the cerebellum receive when a movement is performed?
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What is the function of the cerebellum in relation to movement?
What is the function of the cerebellum in relation to movement?
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What effect does cerebellum dysfunction in the spinocerebellum have on arm movements?
What effect does cerebellum dysfunction in the spinocerebellum have on arm movements?
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Which part of the cerebellum acts as a comparator and compares the intended movement with the actual movement?
Which part of the cerebellum acts as a comparator and compares the intended movement with the actual movement?
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Where does the intermediate zone of the cerebellum send signals to after comparing the intended movement with the actual movement?
Where does the intermediate zone of the cerebellum send signals to after comparing the intended movement with the actual movement?
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What must be overcome before a movement can be stopped?
What must be overcome before a movement can be stopped?
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What is the term for the effect of cerebellum dysfunction in the spinocerebellum causing the arm to oscillate back and forth past its intended point?
What is the term for the effect of cerebellum dysfunction in the spinocerebellum causing the arm to oscillate back and forth past its intended point?
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Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for planning, sequencing, and timing complex movements?
Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for planning, sequencing, and timing complex movements?
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What is the main function of the premotor area and sensory areas in movement planning?
What is the main function of the premotor area and sensory areas in movement planning?
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What is the consequence of damage to small areas of the lateral zones?
What is the consequence of damage to small areas of the lateral zones?
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What is dysmetria?
What is dysmetria?
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Which areas of the cerebellum have the most communication with the premotor area and primary and association somatosensory areas?
Which areas of the cerebellum have the most communication with the premotor area and primary and association somatosensory areas?
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What is the role of the cerebrocerebellum in coordinating patterns such as writing, running, and talking?
What is the role of the cerebrocerebellum in coordinating patterns such as writing, running, and talking?
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What type of dysfunction usually occurs when one or more of the deep cerebellar nuclei are damaged?
What type of dysfunction usually occurs when one or more of the deep cerebellar nuclei are damaged?
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What can cause dysmetria and ataxia due to the inability to interpret feedback information from the moving parts of the body?
What can cause dysmetria and ataxia due to the inability to interpret feedback information from the moving parts of the body?
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What is the function of the basal ganglia in movement coordination?
What is the function of the basal ganglia in movement coordination?
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Which part of the brain helps to provide extra motor force and stop movements at the intended point?
Which part of the brain helps to provide extra motor force and stop movements at the intended point?
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What is the main function of the cerebellum in relation to muscle contractions?
What is the main function of the cerebellum in relation to muscle contractions?
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Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of cerebellar lesions within the spinocerebellum?
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of cerebellar lesions within the spinocerebellum?
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What is the term for the lack of coordination due to errors in rate, range, force, and direction of movement?
What is the term for the lack of coordination due to errors in rate, range, force, and direction of movement?
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Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of cerebellar lesions within the vestibulocerebellum?
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of cerebellar lesions within the vestibulocerebellum?
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What is the term for the inability to stop a movement?
What is the term for the inability to stop a movement?
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What is the function of the cerebellum with the spinal cord?
What is the function of the cerebellum with the spinal cord?
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What is the term for the failure of progression in talking due to the inability to coordinate mouth, larynx, vocal cords, and respiratory system?
What is the term for the failure of progression in talking due to the inability to coordinate mouth, larynx, vocal cords, and respiratory system?
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What is the term for the lack of coordination due to errors in rate, range, force, and direction of movement?
What is the term for the lack of coordination due to errors in rate, range, force, and direction of movement?
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What is the term for the inability to perform rapid alternating movements?
What is the term for the inability to perform rapid alternating movements?
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Which circuit inhibits skeletal muscle motor activity and results in hypokinetic activity?
Which circuit inhibits skeletal muscle motor activity and results in hypokinetic activity?
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Which circuit increases skeletal muscle motor activity and results in hyperkinetic activity?
Which circuit increases skeletal muscle motor activity and results in hyperkinetic activity?
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Which circuit controls cognition of sequences of motor activity?
Which circuit controls cognition of sequences of motor activity?
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Which circuit operates in a push-pull manner?
Which circuit operates in a push-pull manner?
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Which circuit is the dominant system?
Which circuit is the dominant system?
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Which system results in lowered motor activity when stimulated?
Which system results in lowered motor activity when stimulated?
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Which disease is an exception to the normal effect of interrupting the indirect pathway?
Which disease is an exception to the normal effect of interrupting the indirect pathway?
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Which structures make up the dorsal striatum?
Which structures make up the dorsal striatum?
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What type of neurons are mainly found in the dorsal striatum?
What type of neurons are mainly found in the dorsal striatum?
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Which receptors stimulate the nerves of the direct pathway in the basal ganglia?
Which receptors stimulate the nerves of the direct pathway in the basal ganglia?
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Which receptors inhibit the nerves of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?
Which receptors inhibit the nerves of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?
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Which neurotransmitter pathways go from the cortex to the caudate and putamen?
Which neurotransmitter pathways go from the cortex to the caudate and putamen?
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What is the consequence of damage to the putamen circuit or the globus pallidus?
What is the consequence of damage to the putamen circuit or the globus pallidus?
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What type of movements are associated with lesions in the subthalamus?
What type of movements are associated with lesions in the subthalamus?
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What type of movements are associated with multiple lesions in the putamen?
What type of movements are associated with multiple lesions in the putamen?
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What is the effect of cholinergic drugs within the CNS?
What is the effect of cholinergic drugs within the CNS?
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Which neurotransmitter pathways stimulate the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?
Which neurotransmitter pathways stimulate the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?
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Which neurotransmitter is responsible for hyperpolarization or IPSPs in the basal ganglia?
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for hyperpolarization or IPSPs in the basal ganglia?
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Which neurotransmitter pathways go from the cortex to the caudate and putamen?
Which neurotransmitter pathways go from the cortex to the caudate and putamen?
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What type of signals do glutamate pathways carry in the basal ganglia?
What type of signals do glutamate pathways carry in the basal ganglia?
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Which areas provide information to the putamen circuit in the basal ganglia?
Which areas provide information to the putamen circuit in the basal ganglia?
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Where does the output of the putamen circuit in the basal ganglia go to?
Where does the output of the putamen circuit in the basal ganglia go to?
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Which areas do the ancillary circuits in the basal ganglia connect to?
Which areas do the ancillary circuits in the basal ganglia connect to?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for changing the timing and intensity of movements based on somatosensory information?
Which part of the brain is responsible for changing the timing and intensity of movements based on somatosensory information?
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What is the term for the inability to accurately perceive objects due to lesions in the posterior parietal cortex?
What is the term for the inability to accurately perceive objects due to lesions in the posterior parietal cortex?
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What is the term for the neglect of the left side of the body due to lesions in the right parietal lobe?
What is the term for the neglect of the left side of the body due to lesions in the right parietal lobe?
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What is the name of the disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons or lesions within the substantia nigra?
What is the name of the disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons or lesions within the substantia nigra?
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What are some symptoms of Parkinson's disease caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons?
What are some symptoms of Parkinson's disease caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons?
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What is the term for the feeling of trudging through water or a sense of heaviness experienced by patients with Parkinson's disease?
What is the term for the feeling of trudging through water or a sense of heaviness experienced by patients with Parkinson's disease?
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What type of drugs are typically used to treat Parkinson's disease by blocking peripheral metabolism of L-DOPA?
What type of drugs are typically used to treat Parkinson's disease by blocking peripheral metabolism of L-DOPA?
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Which syndrome is characterized by the loss of inhibition in CNS circuits, leading to easy oscillation?
Which syndrome is characterized by the loss of inhibition in CNS circuits, leading to easy oscillation?
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What are anticholinergic drugs useful against in Parkinson's disease?
What are anticholinergic drugs useful against in Parkinson's disease?
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What is the term for the loss of ability to perceive objects accurately through normal functioning sensory inputs?
What is the term for the loss of ability to perceive objects accurately through normal functioning sensory inputs?
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Which neurotransmitter pathways go from the caudate or putamen to the globus pallidus and substantial nigra?
Which neurotransmitter pathways go from the caudate or putamen to the globus pallidus and substantial nigra?
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Which neurotransmitter pathways go from the substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen?
Which neurotransmitter pathways go from the substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen?
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What is the role of glutamate pathways in the brain?
What is the role of glutamate pathways in the brain?
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Study Notes
Motor Cortex
- The area responsible for controlling muscles in the hand and muscles concerning speech is the ventralateral area of the motor cortex.
- The motor cortex is responsible for controlling voluntary movements.
- Somatic signals can increase or decrease muscle contraction.
- The motor cortex is divided into four areas.
Primary Motor Cortex
- The primary motor cortex begins in the precentral gyrus.
- The primary motor cortex is responsible for controlling simple movements.
Premotor Cortex
- The premotor cortex is responsible for motor imaging and contains mirror neurons.
- The premotor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus and frontal lobe.
Supplemental Motor Cortex
- The supplemental motor cortex is located in the superior frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus.
- The supplemental motor cortex is responsible for controlling bilateral movements such as climbing or grasping an object with both hands.
Broca's Area
- Broca's area is responsible for motor speech and is located in the inferior frontal gyrus.
- Damage to Broca's area can result in motor aphasia.
Pyramidal Tracts
- The pyramidal tracts originate in the primary motor cortex and decussate in the medulla oblongata.
- The pyramidal tracts include the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.
Betz Cells
- Betz cells are found only in the motor cortex and project down through the spinal cord onto motor neurons.
- Betz cells are responsible for transmitting signals to the spinal cord.
Red Nucleus
- The red nucleus is located in the midbrain and is an alternative pathway for transmitting cortical signals to the spinal cord.
- The red nucleus gives rise to the rubrospinal tract.
- The rubrospinal tract decussates in the lower brain stem and goes into the lateral columns of the spinal cord.
- The rubrospinal tract is responsible for transmitting signals to the spinal cord.
Language
- The lobe of the brain important for language comprehension is the temporal lobe.
- The area responsible for word formation in language is Broca's area.
- The area responsible for language comprehension is Wernicke's area.
- Wernicke's area is located in the posterior superior temporal gyrus.
- The arcuate fasciculus connects Wernicke's area to Broca's area.
Stroke
- The most common form of dementia in the United States is Alzheimer's disease.
- The main cause of ischemic stroke is an occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel resulting in an infarction.
- The main cause of hemorrhagic stroke is a rupture of a cerebral blood vessel.
- The middle cerebral artery supplies the largest portion of the left cerebral hemisphere.
Cerebellum
- The cerebellum is responsible for controlling dynamic balance and eye movements.
- The cerebellum receives information from the motor cortex and periphery to coordinate movement.
- The cerebellum helps to plan, sequence, and time complex movements.
- The vermis is responsible for motor coordination of the axial body, neck, shoulders, and hips.
- The intermediate zone controls muscle contractions in the upper and lower limbs, and face.
- The lateral zone joins with the cerebral cortex in overall planning of sequential motor movements.
- The dorsal spinocerebellar tracts receive proprioceptive signals from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs.
- The ventral spinocerebellar tract receives information from the spinal cord.
- The cerebellar cortex is responsible for providing anticipatory correction.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the motor cortex and its divisions with this quiz. Learn about the primary, premotor, and supplementary areas, as well as their functions in controlling muscles and sending commands to skeletal muscles. Discover how the motor cortex plays a role in stabilizing joints and controlling hand movements and speech.
