Earth Science- First Semester (2nd Quarter)
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Questions and Answers

Which agent of erosion is the most active in deserts, open fields, and beaches?

  • Glacier
  • Waves
  • Wind (correct)
  • Water

    • What is the process by which sediments settle out of the transporting medium called?

  • Hydration
  • Deposition (correct)
  • Erosion
  • Oxidation

    • Which environment refers to the area where glaciers and ice sheets are found?

  • Mountain front environment
  • Desert environment
  • Mountain stream environment
  • Glacial environment (correct)

    • Which environment is characterized by streams carrying sediments depositing coarse sediments on the lake margin?

    <p>Lake (lacustrine) environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environment is characterized by tidal currents transporting sands along the coastline?

    <p>Beach environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs when water reacts with minerals and breaks them down?

    <p>Hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent of erosion can carry a large amount of sand, rock particles, and shells?

    <p>Waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which soil and weathered rocks are transported from one place to another?

    <p>Erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environment is characterized by streams carrying sediments depositing coarse sediments on the lake margin?

    <p>Lake (lacustrine) environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process in which sediments settle out of the transporting medium?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent of erosion is responsible for carrying a large amount of sand, rock particles, and shells?

    <p>Waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of rocks and soil being pulled down a slope by gravity?

    <p>Mass wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environment is characterized by streams carrying sediments depositing coarse sediments on the lake margin?

    <p>Lake (lacustrine) environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of water reacting with minerals and breaking them down?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environment is characterized by tidal currents transporting sands along the coastline?

    <p>Beach environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of volcano is characterized by a very broad dome with a gentle slope and is mostly made of alternating layers of basaltic lava and cinder accumulation?

    <p>Shield volcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of volcano is composed of lava and pyroclastic materials, and is made up of felsic rocks?

    <p>Composite volcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of volcano is consisting of a small cone formed by spattering lava?

    <p>Cinder cone volcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which volcano in Hawaii is an example of a shield volcano?

    <p>Volcanoes in Hawaii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which volcano is an example of a stratovolcano or composite volcano?

    <p>Mayon Volcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of volcano is characterized by a very broad dome with a gentle slope and is mostly made of alternating layers of basaltic lava and cinder accumulation?

    <p>Shield volcanoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of volcano is composed of felsic rocks and is composed of lava and pyroclastic materials?

    <p>Stratovolcanoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which volcano in Babuyan Island is an example of a cinder cone volcano?

    <p>Binitiang Malaki</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which volcano in the Philippines is an example of a stratovolcano or composite volcano?

    <p>Mayon Volcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which volcanic feature is formed by lava fountains and consists of granular material?

    <p>Shield volcanoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of volcano is characterized by a small cone formed by spattering lava?

    <p>Cinder cone volcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of volcano is composed of alternating layers of basaltic lava and cinder accumulation?

    <p>Shield volcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of volcano is composed of felsic rocks?

    <p>Stratovolcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the granular material formed by lava fountains?

    <p>Cinder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which volcano in Hawaii is an example of a shield volcano?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fault is characterized by the hanging wall dropping down relative to the footwall?

    <p>Normal fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fault is common in areas of compression, such as regions where one tectonic plate is being subducted under another?

    <p>Thrust fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fault is characterized by vertical fractures where the blocks have mostly moved horizontally?

    <p>Strike-slip fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a rock changes its form into a new one without undergoing melting or disintegration?

    <p>Recrystallization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metamorphism affects rocks over an extensive area as a result of the large-scale action of heat and pressure?

    <p>Regional metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fault is characterized by one side of the fault moving up and over the other side?

    <p>Reverse fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metamorphism occurs when rocks behave like plastic and are sheared during faulting?

    <p>Dynamic or cataclastic metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metamorphism occurs when intruding magma causes the surrounding rocks to heat up?

    <p>Contact metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metamorphism occurs when sediments pile up and become thicker, increasing pressure and temperature?

    <p>Burial metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metamorphism occurs when rocks are heated by raising magma, turning it into hydrothermal fluids?

    <p>Hydrothermal metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fault is characterized by one side of the fault moving up and over the other side?

    <p>Reverse fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metamorphism occurs when rocks behave like plastic and are sheared during faulting?

    <p>Dynamic or cataclastic metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metamorphism affects rocks over an extensive area as a result of the large-scale action of heat and pressure?

    <p>Regional metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metamorphism occurs when sediments pile up and become thicker, increasing pressure and temperature?

    <p>Burial metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of volcano is characterized by a very broad dome with a gentle slope and is mostly made of alternating layers of basaltic lava and cinder accumulation?

    <p>Lava dome volcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist proposed the continental drift theory in his book, The Origin of Continents and Ocean?

    <p>Alfred Wegener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the geologic process that takes place at convergent boundaries of tectonic plates where one plate moves under another and is forced to sink into the mantle?

    <p>Subduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the geologic process in which tectonic plates split apart from each other at divergent plate boundaries?

    <p>Seafloor spreading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fractures where two plates slide past each other, resembling a strike-slip fault?

    <p>Transform plate boundary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plate boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other?

    <p>Divergent boundary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist proposed the continental drift theory?

    <p>Alfred Wegener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process in which tectonic plates split apart from each other?

    <p>Seafloor spreading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process in which one tectonic plate moves under another and is forced to sink into the mantle?

    <p>Subduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an underwater mountain range formed by plate tectonics?

    <p>Mid oceanic ridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock that makes up the Earth's lithosphere?

    <p>Tectonic plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plate boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move towards each other?

    <p>Convergent boundary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process in which tectonic plates split apart from each other?

    <p>Seafloor spreading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of volcano is characterized by a small cone formed by spattering lava?

    <p>Composite volcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metamorphism occurs when rocks behave like plastic and are sheared during faulting?

    <p>Dynamic metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent of erosion is responsible for carrying a large amount of sand, rock particles, and shells?

    <p>Wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of unconformity occurs when the beds beneath an erosional surface are tilted and eroded?

    <p>Angular unconformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of unconformity occurs when layered sediments overlie an exposed and eroded crystalline basement?

    <p>Nonconformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of unconformity is a type of unconformity in which strata are parallel; no apparent erosion occurs and the surface of the unconformity resembles a simple bedding plane?

    <p>Paraconfirmity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of unconformity are usually erosional contacts that are parallel to the bedding planes of the upper and lower rock units?

    <p>Disconformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the time required for a quantity to reduce to half of its initial value?

    <p>Half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of unconformity occurs when layered sediments overlie an exposed and eroded crystalline basement?

    <p>Nonconformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of potassium-40, which is used in potassium-argon dating to date rocks older than 100,000 years?

    <p>1.3 billion years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of uranium-238, which is used in uranium-lead dating?

    <p>4.5 billion years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of rubidium-87, which is used in rubidium-strontium dating?

    <p>49 billion years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of carbon-14, which is used in carbon-14 dating to measure within the last 50,000 years?

    <p>5730 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of unconformity occurs when layered sediments overlie an exposed and eroded crystalline basement?

    <p>Nonconformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the time required for a quantity to reduce to half of its initial value?

    <p>Half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which radioactive isotope has a half-life of 4.5 billion years and is used in uranium-lead dating?

    <p>Uranium-238</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which radioactive isotope has a half-life of 5730 years and is used in carbon-14 dating to measure within the last 50,000 years?

    <p>Carbon-14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which radioactive isotope has a half-life of 49 billion years and is used in rubidium-strontium dating?

    <p>Rubidium-87</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did the first jawed fishes and arthropods appear?

    <p>Silurian period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which era is known as the era of dinosaurs?

    <p>Mesozoic era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epoch is known as the ice age?

    <p>Pleistocene epoch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period is most notable for the evolution of mammals?

    <p>Paleogene period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epoch is characterized by the presence of the Australopithecus?

    <p>Pliocene epoch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did the first chordates, hard-bodied brachiopods, and arthropods evolve?

    <p>Cambrian period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which era is known as the 'Age of Fishes'?

    <p>Paleozoic Era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period is characterized by the appearance of the first reptiles, ferns, mayflies, and cockroaches?

    <p>Pennsylvanian period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epoch is known for the appearance of the first bird, Archaeopteryx?

    <p>Jurassic period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epoch is characterized by a cooler and more arid climate and the presence of Australopithecus?

    <p>Pliocene epoch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did the first chordates, hard-bodied brachiopods, and arthropods evolve?

    <p>Cambrian period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which era is known as the 'Age of Reptiles'?

    <p>Mesozoic Era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period is characterized by the appearance of the first mammals and crocodyliforms?

    <p>Triassic period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epoch is known for the presence of the kelps forest and grasslands, and the presence of 95 percent of modern seed plants?

    <p>Miocene epoch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epoch is characterized by the presence of the Australopithecus?

    <p>Pliocene epoch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Agents of Erosion

    • Wind is the most active agent of erosion in deserts, open fields, and beaches.
    • Water is an agent of erosion that can carry a large amount of sand, rock particles, and shells.

    Environments

    • Glacial environments are characterized by areas where glaciers and ice sheets are found.
    • Lacustrine environments are characterized by streams carrying sediments and depositing coarse sediments on the lake margin.
    • Coastal environments are characterized by tidal currents transporting sands along the coastline.

    Geological Processes

    • Weathering is the process of water reacting with minerals and breaking them down.
    • Deposition is the process of sediments settling out of the transporting medium.
    • Transportation is the process of soil and weathered rocks being transported from one place to another.
    • Gravity is the process of rocks and soil being pulled down a slope by gravity.

    Volcanoes

    • Shield volcanoes are characterized by a very broad dome with a gentle slope and are mostly made of alternating layers of basaltic lava and cinder accumulation.
    • Stratovolcanoes are composed of lava and pyroclastic materials and are made up of felsic rocks.
    • Cinder cone volcanoes are small cones formed by spattering lava.
    • Mauna Loa in Hawaii is an example of a shield volcano.
    • Mayon Volcano in the Philippines is an example of a stratovolcano.
    • Lava fountains form scoria, which is a granular material.

    Faults

    • Normal faults are characterized by the hanging wall dropping down relative to the footwall.
    • Reverse faults are common in areas of compression, such as regions where one tectonic plate is being subducted under another.
    • Strike-slip faults are characterized by vertical fractures where the blocks have mostly moved horizontally.
    • Thrust faults are characterized by one side of the fault moving up and over the other side.

    Metamorphism

    • Metamorphism is the process of a rock changing its form into a new one without undergoing melting or disintegration.
    • Regional metamorphism affects rocks over an extensive area as a result of the large-scale action of heat and pressure.
    • Dynamic metamorphism occurs when rocks behave like plastic and are sheared during faulting.
    • Contact metamorphism occurs when intruding magma causes the surrounding rocks to heat up.
    • Burial metamorphism occurs when sediments pile up and become thicker, increasing pressure and temperature.
    • Hydrothermal metamorphism occurs when rocks are heated by rising magma, turning it into hydrothermal fluids.

    Geologic Processes

    • Alfred Wegener proposed the continental drift theory.
    • Subduction is the process of one tectonic plate moving under another and being forced to sink into the mantle.
    • Divergence is the process of tectonic plates splitting apart from each other at divergent plate boundaries.
    • Transform faults are fractures where two plates slide past each other, resembling a strike-slip fault.
    • Divergent plate boundaries occur when two tectonic plates move away from each other.

    Plate Tectonics

    • Mid-ocean ridges are underwater mountain ranges formed by plate tectonics.
    • Lithosphere is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock that makes up the Earth's lithosphere.
    • Convergent plate boundaries occur when two tectonic plates move towards each other.

    Unconformities

    • Disconformity is a type of unconformity that occurs when the beds beneath an erosional surface are tilted and eroded.
    • Nonconformity is a type of unconformity that occurs when layered sediments overlie an exposed and eroded crystalline basement.
    • Angular unconformity is a type of unconformity where the beds above and below the unconformity are not parallel.
    • Paraconformity is a type of unconformity where the beds above and below the unconformity are parallel.

    Radioactive Dating

    • Half-life is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half of its initial value.
    • Potassium-argon dating has a half-life of 1.25 billion years and is used to date rocks older than 100,000 years.
    • Uranium-lead dating has a half-life of 4.5 billion years.
    • Rubidium-strontium dating has a half-life of 49 billion years.
    • Carbon-14 dating has a half-life of 5730 years and is used to measure within the last 50,000 years.

    Geologic Time Scale

    • The Cambrian period is characterized by the evolution of the first chordates, hard-bodied brachiopods, and arthropods.
    • The Paleozoic era is known as the 'Age of Fishes'.
    • The Mesozoic era is known as the 'Age of Reptiles'.
    • The Cenozoic era is characterized by the evolution of mammals.
    • The Pleistocene epoch is known as the ice age.
    • The Pliocene epoch is characterized by the presence of the Australopithecus.
    • The Jurassic period is characterized by the presence of the first bird, Archaeopteryx.
    • The Cretaceous period is characterized by the presence of the kelps forest and grasslands, and the presence of 95 percent of modern seed plants.

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    Test your knowledge on mass wasting, glaciers, exogenic processes, weathering, erosion, and deposition with this quiz. Learn key concepts and definitions related to these topics.

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