Blood and blood vessels

<p>Tunica intima</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tunica adventitia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4-5 litres</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Releasing histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Verhoeff's/Masson trichrome stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4-8µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fenestrated capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pre-capillary sphincters</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent backflow of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three layers of the blood vessels are the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main function of elastic arteries is to provide elastic recoil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The typical diameter of arterioles is 30-200µm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three types of capillaries are continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous or sinusoidal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The precapillary sphincters help control flow through the capillary network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main function of veins is to return blood back to the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils are highly motile phagocytes that are important in fighting bacterial infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basophils act as effector cells in allergic reactions by releasing inflammatory mediators upon binding their antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophils are responsible for inducing and maintaining inflammation in allergic reactions and asthma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The average adult blood volume is 4.5-6 liters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The typical diameter of capillaries is small, estimated at 600m2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monocytes have a non-lobulated nucleus that often appears kidney bean-shaped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The histology of the blood involves the study of its various components, including plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Plasma is the liquid component of blood, while erythrocytes are red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. Leukocytes are white blood cells that play a role in immune response, and platelets are involved in blood clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood vessels have a basic 3-layer structure. The inner layer, called the tunica intima, consists of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells supported by a basal lamina and connective tissue. The middle layer, known as the tunica media, is predominantly made up of smooth muscle. The outer layer, called the tunica adventitia, is composed of supporting connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, have a biconcave disc shape and lack a nucleus. Their main function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. Erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow through a process called erythropoiesis. They have a lifespan of approximately 120 days and are eventually removed from circulation by the spleen and liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell with a multi-lobed nucleus. They are the most abundant leukocytes and play a key role in immune response against bacterial infections. Eosinophils have a bi-lobed nucleus and are involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections. Basophils have a lobulated nucleus and release histamine during allergic reactions. Monocytes have a non-lobulated kidney bean-shaped nucleus and differentiate into macrophages, which engulf and destroy pathogens. Lymphocytes are responsible for adaptive immune response and can differentiate into B cells and T cells. Platelets are small cell fragments involved in blood clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hierarchy of stem cell types starts with totipotent stem cells, which have the potential to differentiate into any cell type. From totipotent cells, pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any cell type except those of the placenta. Multipotent stem cells have a more limited differentiation potential and can give rise to multiple types of cells within a specific lineage. Finally, unipotent stem cells can only differentiate into one specific cell type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three layers of the blood vessels are the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells supported by a basal lamina and connective tissue. The tunica media is predominantly made up of smooth muscle. The tunica adventitia is composed of supporting connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two general classes of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells. B cells give rise to antibody-secreting plasma cells, while T cells form a complex set of cells that perform many defense functions, such as aiding other immune cells and killing defective cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monocytes/macrophages are widely distributed in the body, but they can be found resident within particular tissues. Examples include Kupffer cells in the liver, microglia in the brain, and Langerhans cells in the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelets play a key role in hemostasis, which is the prevention of blood loss. They participate in clot retraction and release granules that include coagulation factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemopoiesis begins outside the embryo in the yolk sac and later moves to the liver during the second trimester of gestation. By birth, the bone marrow becomes the main site of blood formation, with essentially all bones participating. However, as bones enlarge, hemopoiesis is shut down in many bones, and by the time the skeleton reaches maturity, only the vertebrae, ribs, skull, pelvis, and proximal femurs retain hemopoiesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Megakaryocytes are large cells of bone marrow that produce platelets. They undergo multiple duplications of their nuclear material but do not undergo nuclear or cell division. The platelets are formed as extensions at the outer margin of the cell, which eventually fragment from the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In bone marrow, there are self-renewing pluripotent stem cells that can give rise to all blood cell types, including lymphocytes. The committed progenitor cells, also known as colony-forming units (CFUs), develop into granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes, and megakaryocytes in response to specific cytokines and hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the second trimester of gestation, the liver is the principal site of blood formation. However, by birth, the bone marrow becomes the main site of blood formation, and essentially all bones participate.</p> Signup and view all the answers