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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a category of radioactive transformation?
Which of the following is a category of radioactive transformation?
- Gamma ray emission
- Internal conversion
- Alpha emission (correct)
- Beta emission
What is the composition of an alpha particle?
What is the composition of an alpha particle?
- One proton and one neutron
- Two protons and one neutron
- One proton and one electron
- Two protons and two neutrons (correct)
What is the condition for alpha emission to occur?
What is the condition for alpha emission to occur?
- MP = Md + Mα - 2Me - Q
- MP = Md + Mα + 2Me + Q (correct)
- MP = Md - Mα - 2Me - Q
- MP = Md - Mα + 2Me + Q
Which particle is emitted in beta (𝛽−) decay?
Which particle is emitted in beta (𝛽−) decay?
What is the kinetic energy of the alpha particle emitted in the decay of 210Po?
What is the kinetic energy of the alpha particle emitted in the decay of 210Po?
What is the energy emitted by a beta particle in the decay of Phosphorus (32P)?
What is the energy emitted by a beta particle in the decay of Phosphorus (32P)?
What is the conservation equation for positron emission?
What is the conservation equation for positron emission?
Which of the following best describes bremsstrahlung x-rays?
Which of the following best describes bremsstrahlung x-rays?
What is the process by which characteristic x-rays are produced?
What is the process by which characteristic x-rays are produced?
What is the threshold energy required for an incident electron to first strip an electron from an atom called?
What is the threshold energy required for an incident electron to first strip an electron from an atom called?
What is the major characteristic radiation energy produced in a tungsten target?
What is the major characteristic radiation energy produced in a tungsten target?
Which unit is used to measure the activity of radioactive material?
Which unit is used to measure the activity of radioactive material?
What is the transformation rate constant for radium if there are 7 × 10^4 alpha particles per second?
What is the transformation rate constant for radium if there are 7 × 10^4 alpha particles per second?
What is the relationship between the half-life (T1) and the mean life (τ) of a radioisotope?
What is the relationship between the half-life (T1) and the mean life (τ) of a radioisotope?
Which radionuclide is decaying about 6 times faster than 35S?
Which radionuclide is decaying about 6 times faster than 35S?
Which material is chosen for the filament and target in an x-ray tube, and what are the reasons for this choice?
Which material is chosen for the filament and target in an x-ray tube, and what are the reasons for this choice?
What is the function of the oil bath around the x-ray tube?
What is the function of the oil bath around the x-ray tube?
What is the equation for the apparent focal spot size in an x-ray tube?
What is the equation for the apparent focal spot size in an x-ray tube?
What is the equation for calculating the peak voltage on an x-ray tube?
What is the equation for calculating the peak voltage on an x-ray tube?
Which of the following is the correct equation for the energy of a gamma ray in terms of the kinetic energy of the conversion electron and the binding energy of the electron?
Which of the following is the correct equation for the energy of a gamma ray in terms of the kinetic energy of the conversion electron and the binding energy of the electron?
What is the correct equation for the fraction of a radionuclide remaining after n half-lives?
What is the correct equation for the fraction of a radionuclide remaining after n half-lives?
What is the correct equation for the quantity of activity left after a time interval t?
What is the correct equation for the quantity of activity left after a time interval t?
What is the correct equation for the transformation rate constant?
What is the correct equation for the transformation rate constant?
Alpha emission is a nuclear transformation in which an unstable atom emits an ______ particle.
Alpha emission is a nuclear transformation in which an unstable atom emits an ______ particle.
For ______ emission to occur, the following conservation equation must be satisfied: $M_p = M_d + M_______ + 2M_e + Q$, where $M_p$, $M_d$, $M_______$, and $M_e$ are respectively the masses of the parent, the daughter, the emitted ______ particle, and the two orbital electrons.
For ______ emission to occur, the following conservation equation must be satisfied: $M_p = M_d + M_______ + 2M_e + Q$, where $M_p$, $M_d$, $M_______$, and $M_e$ are respectively the masses of the parent, the daughter, the emitted ______ particle, and the two orbital electrons.
An alpha particle consists of an assembly of two ______ and two ______.
An alpha particle consists of an assembly of two ______ and two ______.
Activity: It is the number of ______ within a given time.
Activity: It is the number of ______ within a given time.
The Becquerel is that quantity (SI) of radioactive material in which one ______ is transformed per second.
The Becquerel is that quantity (SI) of radioactive material in which one ______ is transformed per second.
Specific activity (SA) is the number of ______ (or curies) per unit mass or volume.
Specific activity (SA) is the number of ______ (or curies) per unit mass or volume.
The curie (Ci), is the unit for quantity of ______ that was used before the adoption of the SI units and the becquerel.
The curie (Ci), is the unit for quantity of ______ that was used before the adoption of the SI units and the becquerel.
Isobaric transitions occur when the atomic number of the parent nucleus is Z, and the daughter nucleus is ______ Z + 1, if a beta particle is emitted, or ______ Z - 1, if a positron is emitted.
Isobaric transitions occur when the atomic number of the parent nucleus is Z, and the daughter nucleus is ______ Z + 1, if a beta particle is emitted, or ______ Z - 1, if a positron is emitted.
The energy emitted by a beta particle is given by the equation E = ______ / (1 + m/M), where Q is the mass equivalent of the energy of the reaction, and m and M are the masses of the beta particle and parent nucleus, respectively.
The energy emitted by a beta particle is given by the equation E = ______ / (1 + m/M), where Q is the mass equivalent of the energy of the reaction, and m and M are the masses of the beta particle and parent nucleus, respectively.
For positron emission, the conservation equation ______ must be satisfied, where Mp, Md, M-e, M+e, and Q are the masses of the parent nucleus, daughter nucleus, orbital electron, positron, and the mass equivalent of the energy of the reaction, respectively.
For positron emission, the conservation equation ______ must be satisfied, where Mp, Md, M-e, M+e, and Q are the masses of the parent nucleus, daughter nucleus, orbital electron, positron, and the mass equivalent of the energy of the reaction, respectively.
For orbital electron capture, the conservation equation ______ must be satisfied, where Mp, Me, Md, phi, and Q are the atomic masses (not the atomic mass numbers) of the parent nucleus, captured electron, daughter nucleus, binding energy of the captured electron, and the energy of the reaction, respectively.
For orbital electron capture, the conservation equation ______ must be satisfied, where Mp, Me, Md, phi, and Q are the atomic masses (not the atomic mass numbers) of the parent nucleus, captured electron, daughter nucleus, binding energy of the captured electron, and the energy of the reaction, respectively.
Kramer's equation relates the intensity of photons with energy E to the atomic number Z of the target, the maximum photon energy Em, and the constant K. The equation is given by $IE = KZ(Em - E)$.
Kramer's equation relates the intensity of photons with energy E to the atomic number Z of the target, the maximum photon energy Em, and the constant K. The equation is given by $IE = KZ(Em - E)$.
The choice of tungsten for the filament and target in an x-ray tube is based on its high melting point (3,370°C) and its high atomic number (Z = 74), which is needed to boost the efficiency of x-ray production.
The choice of tungsten for the filament and target in an x-ray tube is based on its high melting point (3,370°C) and its high atomic number (Z = 74), which is needed to boost the efficiency of x-ray production.
The apparent focal spot size a is given by the equation $a = A \sin(\theta)$, where A is the side of the actual focal spot presented at an angle with respect to the perpendicular to the direction of the electron beam.
The apparent focal spot size a is given by the equation $a = A \sin(\theta)$, where A is the side of the actual focal spot presented at an angle with respect to the perpendicular to the direction of the electron beam.
The peak voltage on an x-ray tube can be calculated using the equation $Peak\ voltage = \sqrt{2} \times line\ voltage \times transformer\ turn\ ratio$.
The peak voltage on an x-ray tube can be calculated using the equation $Peak\ voltage = \sqrt{2} \times line\ voltage \times transformer\ turn\ ratio$.
An x-ray tube consists of a glass envelope which has been evacuated to high vacuum. At one end is a ______ (negative electrode) and at the other an ______ (positive electrode)
An x-ray tube consists of a glass envelope which has been evacuated to high vacuum. At one end is a ______ (negative electrode) and at the other an ______ (positive electrode)
X-rays are produced by the sudden deflection or acceleration of the electron caused by the attractive force of the ______ nucleus.
X-rays are produced by the sudden deflection or acceleration of the electron caused by the attractive force of the ______ nucleus.
The energy spectrum shows a continuous distribution of energies for the ______ photons superimposed by characteristic radiation of discrete energies.
The energy spectrum shows a continuous distribution of energies for the ______ photons superimposed by characteristic radiation of discrete energies.
Characteristic x-rays are emitted at ______ energies.
Characteristic x-rays are emitted at ______ energies.
When a vacancy is created in an orbit, an outer orbital electron will fall down to fill that vacancy. In so doing, the energy is radiated in the form of ______ radiation.
When a vacancy is created in an orbit, an outer orbital electron will fall down to fill that vacancy. In so doing, the energy is radiated in the form of ______ radiation.
Gamma rays are monochromatic electromagnetic radiations - emitted from the nuclei of excited atoms following radioactive transformations. - The excited nuclei rides its excitation energy without affecting either the atomic number or the atomic mass number of the atom. - ______ What is the difference in mechanism between the Gamma ray and internal conversion.
Gamma rays are monochromatic electromagnetic radiations - emitted from the nuclei of excited atoms following radioactive transformations. - The excited nuclei rides its excitation energy without affecting either the atomic number or the atomic mass number of the atom. - ______ What is the difference in mechanism between the Gamma ray and internal conversion.
Internal conversion may be thought of as an internal photoelectric effect, that is, an interaction in which the gamma ray collides with the tightly bound electron and transfers all of its energy to the electron. The energy of the gamma ray is divided into two parts: ✓The work done to overcome the binding energy of the electron. ✓The kinetic energy imparted to the electron. This may be expressed by the equation And can be expressed as following: 𝐸𝛾 = 𝐸𝑒 + 𝜙 𝐸𝛾 ∶is the energy of Gamma ray 𝐸𝑒 :is the kinetic energy of conversion electron ______: is the binding energy of electron
Internal conversion may be thought of as an internal photoelectric effect, that is, an interaction in which the gamma ray collides with the tightly bound electron and transfers all of its energy to the electron. The energy of the gamma ray is divided into two parts: ✓The work done to overcome the binding energy of the electron. ✓The kinetic energy imparted to the electron. This may be expressed by the equation And can be expressed as following: 𝐸𝛾 = 𝐸𝑒 + 𝜙 𝐸𝛾 ∶is the energy of Gamma ray 𝐸𝑒 :is the kinetic energy of conversion electron ______: is the binding energy of electron
From the definition of the half-life, it follows that the fraction of a radionuclide remaining after n halflives is given by the relationship 𝐴 1 = 𝑛 𝐴∘ 2 𝐴∘ :the origin quantity of activity A: the activity left after n half -lives ______ example Cobalt-60, a gamma-emitting isotope of cobalt whose half-life is 5.3 years, is used as a radiation source for radiographing pipe welds. Because of the decrease in radioactivity with increasing time, the exposure time for a radiograph will be increased annually. Calculate the correction factor to be applied to the exposure time in order to account for the decrease in the strength of the source. Solution: 𝐴° = 2𝑛 𝐴 Take log for both sides, 𝐴° 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝐴 where n, the number of 60Co halflives in 1 year, is 1/(5.3) = 0.189, 𝐴° 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 0.189 × 𝐴 𝐴° So, =1.14 𝐴 0.301 = 0.0569 The ratio of the initial quantity of cobalt to the quantity remaining after 1 year is 1.14. The exposure time after 1 year, therefore, must be increased by 14%. It should be noted that this ratio is independent of the actual amount of activity at the beginning and end of the year. After the second year, the ratio of the cobalt at the beginning of the second year to that at the end will be 1.14. The same correction factor, 1.14, therefore, is applied every year to the exposure time for the previous year.
From the definition of the half-life, it follows that the fraction of a radionuclide remaining after n halflives is given by the relationship 𝐴 1 = 𝑛 𝐴∘ 2 𝐴∘ :the origin quantity of activity A: the activity left after n half -lives ______ example Cobalt-60, a gamma-emitting isotope of cobalt whose half-life is 5.3 years, is used as a radiation source for radiographing pipe welds. Because of the decrease in radioactivity with increasing time, the exposure time for a radiograph will be increased annually. Calculate the correction factor to be applied to the exposure time in order to account for the decrease in the strength of the source. Solution: 𝐴° = 2𝑛 𝐴 Take log for both sides, 𝐴° 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝐴 where n, the number of 60Co halflives in 1 year, is 1/(5.3) = 0.189, 𝐴° 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 0.189 × 𝐴 𝐴° So, =1.14 𝐴 0.301 = 0.0569 The ratio of the initial quantity of cobalt to the quantity remaining after 1 year is 1.14. The exposure time after 1 year, therefore, must be increased by 14%. It should be noted that this ratio is independent of the actual amount of activity at the beginning and end of the year. After the second year, the ratio of the cobalt at the beginning of the second year to that at the end will be 1.14. The same correction factor, 1.14, therefore, is applied every year to the exposure time for the previous year.
The ordinate at which the time in units of half-life, 0.189, intersects the curve shows that 87.7% of the original activity is left. The correction factor, therefore, is the reciprocal of 0.877: Correction factor 1 = 0.877 = ______ he fact that the graph of activity versus time, when drawn on semilog paper, is a straight line tells us that the quantity of activity left after any time interval is given by the following equation: 𝐴 = 𝐴° 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 , where 𝐴° is the initial quantity of activity, A is the amount left after time t, λ is the transformation rate constant (also called the decay rate constant, or simply the decay constant), and e is the base of the system of natural logarithms. The transformation rate constant is the fractional decrease in activity per unit time and is defined as: Δ𝑁 Τ𝑁 lim ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 = −𝜆, where N is a number of radioactive atoms and Δ𝑁 is the number of these atoms that are transformed during a time interval Δ𝑡. The fraction Δ𝑁Τ𝑁is the fractional decrease in the number of radioactive atoms during the time interval Δ𝑡. A negative sign is given to λ to indicate that the quantity N is decreasing with the time In this case: ΔN is 3.7 × 104, Δt is 1 s, and N, the number of radium atoms per microgram, may be calculated as follows: Example: A mass of 1-μg radium is found to emit 3.
The ordinate at which the time in units of half-life, 0.189, intersects the curve shows that 87.7% of the original activity is left. The correction factor, therefore, is the reciprocal of 0.877: Correction factor 1 = 0.877 = ______ he fact that the graph of activity versus time, when drawn on semilog paper, is a straight line tells us that the quantity of activity left after any time interval is given by the following equation: 𝐴 = 𝐴° 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 , where 𝐴° is the initial quantity of activity, A is the amount left after time t, λ is the transformation rate constant (also called the decay rate constant, or simply the decay constant), and e is the base of the system of natural logarithms. The transformation rate constant is the fractional decrease in activity per unit time and is defined as: Δ𝑁 Τ𝑁 lim ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 = −𝜆, where N is a number of radioactive atoms and Δ𝑁 is the number of these atoms that are transformed during a time interval Δ𝑡. The fraction Δ𝑁Τ𝑁is the fractional decrease in the number of radioactive atoms during the time interval Δ𝑡. A negative sign is given to λ to indicate that the quantity N is decreasing with the time In this case: ΔN is 3.7 × 104, Δt is 1 s, and N, the number of radium atoms per microgram, may be calculated as follows: Example: A mass of 1-μg radium is found to emit 3.
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