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Questions and Answers
What is the significance of deficiency needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
What is the significance of deficiency needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Which of the following needs is considered a growth need in Maslow's framework?
Which of the following needs is considered a growth need in Maslow's framework?
How does Maslow view the path to self-actualization?
How does Maslow view the path to self-actualization?
What role do esteem needs play in an individual's motivation?
What role do esteem needs play in an individual's motivation?
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Which need is critical for basic survival according to Maslow's theory?
Which need is critical for basic survival according to Maslow's theory?
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs suggests that unmet lower-level needs will lead to what?
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs suggests that unmet lower-level needs will lead to what?
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What would be an example of safety needs in the workplace?
What would be an example of safety needs in the workplace?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding Maslow's theory?
Which of the following statements is true regarding Maslow's theory?
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What need is fulfilled when an organization provides exercise facilities for free?
What need is fulfilled when an organization provides exercise facilities for free?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a part of social needs in an organization?
Which of the following is NOT considered a part of social needs in an organization?
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What aspect of recognition is essential for fulfilling esteem needs?
What aspect of recognition is essential for fulfilling esteem needs?
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How does McClelland's theory differ from Maslow's regarding motivation?
How does McClelland's theory differ from Maslow's regarding motivation?
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What is a characteristic of individuals with a high need for achievement?
What is a characteristic of individuals with a high need for achievement?
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Which type of power is considered most effective in leadership according to McClelland?
Which type of power is considered most effective in leadership according to McClelland?
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What impact does failing to meet basic needs have on employees?
What impact does failing to meet basic needs have on employees?
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What describes the behavior of individuals with a high need for affiliation?
What describes the behavior of individuals with a high need for affiliation?
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Which of the following represents a limitation of Saeednia’s study?
Which of the following represents a limitation of Saeednia’s study?
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What is the drive associated with individuals who have a high need for power?
What is the drive associated with individuals who have a high need for power?
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Which of the following would help fulfill self-actualization needs in the workplace?
Which of the following would help fulfill self-actualization needs in the workplace?
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What can be a consequence of failing to meet safety needs at work?
What can be a consequence of failing to meet safety needs at work?
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What is a potential effect of recognizing employees with awards?
What is a potential effect of recognizing employees with awards?
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What critical evaluation flaw does Maslow's theory present?
What critical evaluation flaw does Maslow's theory present?
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What characterizes individuals with high affiliation motivation?
What characterizes individuals with high affiliation motivation?
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Which of the following is a key process in the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
Which of the following is a key process in the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
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What is a crucial element that enables employees to reflect and improve their performance?
What is a crucial element that enables employees to reflect and improve their performance?
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How are achievement motivation themes identified in the TAT?
How are achievement motivation themes identified in the TAT?
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Which principle of goal-setting emphasizes the need for goals to be understood and agreed upon?
Which principle of goal-setting emphasizes the need for goals to be understood and agreed upon?
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What does a high score in the McClelland's TAT indicate?
What does a high score in the McClelland's TAT indicate?
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What is NOT a characteristic of effective goal setting according to the goal-setting theory?
What is NOT a characteristic of effective goal setting according to the goal-setting theory?
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What role does 'valence' play in Vroom's Expectancy Theory?
What role does 'valence' play in Vroom's Expectancy Theory?
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Which is a component of SMART goals?
Which is a component of SMART goals?
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What might happen if employees perceive that performance does not correlate with receiving a reward?
What might happen if employees perceive that performance does not correlate with receiving a reward?
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What signifies low achievement motivation in an individual according to this framework?
What signifies low achievement motivation in an individual according to this framework?
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Which goal-setting principle ensures that tasks are attainable within realistic timeframes?
Which goal-setting principle ensures that tasks are attainable within realistic timeframes?
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What concept suggests that good performance will lead to desirable outcomes according to Expectancy Theory?
What concept suggests that good performance will lead to desirable outcomes according to Expectancy Theory?
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Why is McClelland’s theory considered both reliable and invalid?
Why is McClelland’s theory considered both reliable and invalid?
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What is the main focus of goal-setting theory as proposed by Latham and Locke?
What is the main focus of goal-setting theory as proposed by Latham and Locke?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of extrinsic motivation?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of extrinsic motivation?
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What aspect of goal-setting is emphasized to help direct employee attention?
What aspect of goal-setting is emphasized to help direct employee attention?
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What does Expectancy in Vroom's theory refer to?
What does Expectancy in Vroom's theory refer to?
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Which of the following is considered a benefit of understanding employee needs and motives?
Which of the following is considered a benefit of understanding employee needs and motives?
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Why is feedback considered crucial in goal achievement?
Why is feedback considered crucial in goal achievement?
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Which statement best describes individuals with low affiliative motivation?
Which statement best describes individuals with low affiliative motivation?
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Which factor is NOT directly considered in Vroom's Expectancy Theory?
Which factor is NOT directly considered in Vroom's Expectancy Theory?
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What role do trained coders play in the scoring of the TAT?
What role do trained coders play in the scoring of the TAT?
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How can commitment to goals be enhanced among employees?
How can commitment to goals be enhanced among employees?
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What is the formula for motivation according to Vroom's Expectancy Theory?
What is the formula for motivation according to Vroom's Expectancy Theory?
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Which type of goals is considered more effective according to the goal-setting theory?
Which type of goals is considered more effective according to the goal-setting theory?
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Which element of extrinsic motivation often provides direct, observable results for employees?
Which element of extrinsic motivation often provides direct, observable results for employees?
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What primarily motivates employees in a profit-sharing system?
What primarily motivates employees in a profit-sharing system?
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Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation?
Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation?
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Which factor can lead to demotivation when using performance-related pay?
Which factor can lead to demotivation when using performance-related pay?
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What is a potential disadvantage of high pay inequality within an organization?
What is a potential disadvantage of high pay inequality within an organization?
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Which motivational factor involves appreciation from colleagues or supervisors?
Which motivational factor involves appreciation from colleagues or supervisors?
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What is the primary goal of using bonuses as a motivational tool?
What is the primary goal of using bonuses as a motivational tool?
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In Deci & Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory, what drives behavior?
In Deci & Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory, what drives behavior?
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What can over-praising lead to in the workplace?
What can over-praising lead to in the workplace?
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Which factor contributes to a strong sense of belonging among employees?
Which factor contributes to a strong sense of belonging among employees?
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Which type of motivation is driven by the desire to receive rewards?
Which type of motivation is driven by the desire to receive rewards?
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What is the impact of fairness in profit-sharing systems?
What is the impact of fairness in profit-sharing systems?
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What is a key assumption of Self-Determination Theory?
What is a key assumption of Self-Determination Theory?
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Which approach uses individual performance metrics to determine compensation?
Which approach uses individual performance metrics to determine compensation?
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Which motivational factor is likely to improve teamwork and collaboration?
Which motivational factor is likely to improve teamwork and collaboration?
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Which of the following statements about the relationship between psychological need satisfaction and motivation is correct?
Which of the following statements about the relationship between psychological need satisfaction and motivation is correct?
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What outcomes were reported in the study regarding autonomy-supportive and autonomy-threatening conditions?
What outcomes were reported in the study regarding autonomy-supportive and autonomy-threatening conditions?
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How many items were used to assess autonomy and relatedness, respectively?
How many items were used to assess autonomy and relatedness, respectively?
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Which type of motivation was not found to predict performance in the study?
Which type of motivation was not found to predict performance in the study?
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What was the primary method used to assess individual differences in emotions during the study?
What was the primary method used to assess individual differences in emotions during the study?
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What variable served as a mediator between conditions and intrinsic motivation in the study?
What variable served as a mediator between conditions and intrinsic motivation in the study?
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Which of the following best represents the sample population of Study 2?
Which of the following best represents the sample population of Study 2?
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What was the performance task in Study 2 adapted to minimize?
What was the performance task in Study 2 adapted to minimize?
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Which of these findings from the studies is correctly stated?
Which of these findings from the studies is correctly stated?
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In the anagram task, how was performance measured?
In the anagram task, how was performance measured?
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What is the primary focus of autonomous motivation?
What is the primary focus of autonomous motivation?
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Which of the following needs must be fulfilled to experience intrinsic motivation?
Which of the following needs must be fulfilled to experience intrinsic motivation?
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How can extrinsic rewards affect intrinsic motivation?
How can extrinsic rewards affect intrinsic motivation?
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What happens to feelings of competence when tasks are too difficult or receive too much negative feedback?
What happens to feelings of competence when tasks are too difficult or receive too much negative feedback?
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What impact do autonomy-supportive managerial practices have on employees?
What impact do autonomy-supportive managerial practices have on employees?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic needs for intrinsic motivation?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic needs for intrinsic motivation?
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What effect do performance-based rewards have compared to engagement-based rewards?
What effect do performance-based rewards have compared to engagement-based rewards?
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What can enhance feelings of relatedness in the workplace?
What can enhance feelings of relatedness in the workplace?
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What is the primary purpose of providing rewards with an informational meaning?
What is the primary purpose of providing rewards with an informational meaning?
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Why might monetary rewards lead to a motivational shift in employees?
Why might monetary rewards lead to a motivational shift in employees?
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Which of the following describes a controlling meaning of rewards?
Which of the following describes a controlling meaning of rewards?
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Which statement reflects findings about how rewards can have different functional meanings?
Which statement reflects findings about how rewards can have different functional meanings?
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How does criticism affect feelings of relatedness among employees?
How does criticism affect feelings of relatedness among employees?
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How does the satisfaction of psychological needs affect employee performance?
How does the satisfaction of psychological needs affect employee performance?
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Which example best demonstrates an informational meaning of reward?
Which example best demonstrates an informational meaning of reward?
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What can lead to a decrease in feelings of autonomy in the workplace?
What can lead to a decrease in feelings of autonomy in the workplace?
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Which cultural difference is found in relation to intrinsic motivation?
Which cultural difference is found in relation to intrinsic motivation?
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What is a potential negative outcome of controlling rewards?
What is a potential negative outcome of controlling rewards?
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According to Deci and Ryan's findings, what can undermine intrinsic motivation?
According to Deci and Ryan's findings, what can undermine intrinsic motivation?
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What does the need for autonomy refer to in the context of employee motivation?
What does the need for autonomy refer to in the context of employee motivation?
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Which hypothesis relates to the benefits of presenting rewards in an autonomy-supportive way?
Which hypothesis relates to the benefits of presenting rewards in an autonomy-supportive way?
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In the study, which groups were participants assigned to?
In the study, which groups were participants assigned to?
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What type of feedback does informational meaning of rewards provide?
What type of feedback does informational meaning of rewards provide?
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What role does relatedness play in the context of psychological needs?
What role does relatedness play in the context of psychological needs?
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What is the effect of controlling rewards on intrinsic motivation?
What is the effect of controlling rewards on intrinsic motivation?
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What criteria were used in the manipulation check of the study?
What criteria were used in the manipulation check of the study?
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Which psychological need is primarily concerned with mastering skills and abilities?
Which psychological need is primarily concerned with mastering skills and abilities?
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Study Notes
Motivation Theories in Organizational Psychology
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (1970): A need-based theory proposing that individuals are motivated to move up a hierarchy of needs, starting with physiological and safety needs, then progressing to social, esteem, and ultimately self-actualization needs. Lower-level "deficiency needs" must be met before higher-level "growth needs" can influence motivation.
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Application): In the workplace, organizations should prioritize satisfying basic needs (e.g., fair wages, safe environment) before focusing on higher-level needs. Providing breaks, safe equipment, and opportunities for social interaction are crucial for motivation.
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McClelland's Achievement Motivation (1965): A theory suggesting that individuals are motivated by varying levels of needs for achievement, power, and affiliation, which are learned and can vary across individuals. These needs influence behaviours, and an individual's dominant need often shapes their work approach.
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McClelland's Achievement Need (Workplace Impact): High achievement-motivated employees are often driven by challenge, feedback, and personal accountability. Low achievers prefer avoiding responsibilities, and their fear of failure affects their motivation.
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McClelland's Power Need (Workplace Impact): High power-motivated employees seek influence and leadership roles, often driven by status. They prefer personal problem-solving and appraisal goals. Personal power is less effective than organizational power. Low power need employees tend to avoid leadership roles and be dependent on others.
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McClelland's Affiliation Need (Workplace Impact): High affiliation-motivated employees prioritize social connections, conforming to group norms, and collaboration. They often excel in team-oriented activities like customer service. Low affiliation employees have little desire for social interaction.
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McClelland's Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): A projective measurement tool used to assess an individual's needs for achievement, power, and affiliation via the interpretation of ambiguous images. This generates a story about the setting and people in the images and these stories are then interpreted using various scoring methodologies which determine the level of needs the individuals. This is a significant weakness as it is a projective test and lacks rigorous validation.
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Goal-Setting Theory (Latham & Locke, 1984): A theory proposing that specific, challenging, and achievable goals significantly improve performance. Goals are more effective when they are SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound)
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Goal-Setting Theory (Principles): Clear goals, achievable challenges, commitment to goals, timely feedback, and managing task complexity, all help to increase employees' motivation and performance.
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Expectancy Theory (Vroom, 1964): A theory proposing that employee motivation is driven by the perceived relationship between effort, performance, and desired rewards.
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Expectancy Theory (Components): Motivation relies on Valence (desirability of rewards), Instrumentality (belief that performance leads to rewards), and Expectancy (belief that effort leads to performance).
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Extrinsic Motivation (Workplace): Motivations driven by external factors such as pay, bonuses, profit-sharing, and performance-related pay are common but can be short-term and potentially demotivating if not implemented effectively.
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Intrinsic Motivation (Workplace): Motivations arising from internal factors such as recognition, praise, respect, empowerment, sense of belonging, and mastery experiences are more sustainable and linked to satisfaction.
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Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985): A theory emphasizing the importance of autonomy, relatedness, and competence in driving intrinsic motivation and optimal psychological functioning.
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Self-Determination Theory (Key Assumptions): People are naturally motivated to grow and improve and motivation is stronger when people are autonomous, related, and competent.
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Landry et al. (2019) Study: Research exploring the impact of functional reward meanings on employee motivation and performance, finding that autonomy-supportive rewards foster greater need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation, and better performance than controlling rewards.
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Description
Test your understanding of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and its significance in motivation theory. This quiz covers the different levels of needs, including deficiency and growth needs, and explores their implications for self-actualization and motivation in individuals. Challenge yourself with questions about safety, esteem, and the role of unmet needs.