Sociology
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Sociology

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for a person becoming obsessed with an attachment to another person, being, or object?

  • Repression
  • Fixation (correct)
  • Regression
  • Identification

    • Which psychological phenomenon is characterized by the perception in the absence of apparent stimulus?

  • Hallucination (correct)
  • Eidetic imagery
  • Panic reaction
  • Illusion

    • What is the process called where an individual assimilates an aspect or attribute of another person?

  • Regression
  • Clairvoyance
  • Identification (correct)
  • Discovery

    • What term describes the supposed ability to move objects using only mental effort?

    <p>Psychokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the initial awareness of elements in nature that were previously unobserved?

    <p>Discovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines precognition?

    <p>Foreknowledge of an event through extrasensory perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to the psychological disorder characterized by extreme mood fluctuations?

    <p>Affective disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does auditory imagery involve?

    <p>Organizing sounds when there is no auditory stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of rational emotive therapy?

    <p>Resolving emotional and behavioral problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Maslow's Hierarchy of needs represent?

    <p>A classification of human motivations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the unconscious mechanism of ascribing unacceptable traits to others?

    <p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between suppression and repression in psychological terms?

    <p>Suppression involves excluding thoughts consciously, while repression is unconscious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial level of needs in Maslow’s Hierarchy?

    <p>Physiological needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of proximity in Gestalt psychology?

    <p>Objects that are near to one another are perceived as belonging together as a unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law states that we perceive incomplete objects as complete?

    <p>Law of closure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does selective attention allow individuals to do?

    <p>Focus on one stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

    <p>The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes Rogers' Self Theory?

    <p>People behave according to how they perceive their situations and aspire to self-actualize.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'just noticeable difference' refer to?

    <p>The smallest change in stimulus intensity that can be detected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does negative transfer affect learning?

    <p>It obstructs or interferes with new learning due to prior knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?

    <p>Voluntary behavior controlled by consequences and reinforcements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Marxism primarily analyze in society?

    <p>Class relations and conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best defines sanctions in a social context?

    <p>Rewards or punishments that reinforce social behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary group characterized by?

    <p>Personal and enduring relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a community?

    <p>A group with a common sense of identity and sustained interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major criticism of the Marxist model?

    <p>Overemphasis on economic class significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Pepinsky describe social control among Chinese communists?

    <p>By manipulation of guilt and shame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of a caste system?

    <p>Hereditary transmission of style of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of bureaucracy?

    <p>Clear hierarchy of authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of behavior therapy?

    <p>To train the patient’s reactions to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy approach developed by Carl Rogers emphasizes client autonomy?

    <p>Client-centered therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of diffusion of responsibility refer to?

    <p>A phenomenon where individuals feel less personal responsibility in groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is classical conditioning primarily concerned with?

    <p>Pairing stimuli to elicit specific responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect describes the tendency for a general impression to influence specific judgments?

    <p>Halo effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key principle behind desensitization as a psychological technique?

    <p>Gradually reducing sensitivity to stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the phenomenon where participants change their behavior because they know they are being observed?

    <p>Hawthorne effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes heuristic availability in decision-making?

    <p>Relying on immediate examples that come to mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Marxist Model

    • A socio-economic and political worldview based on materialist interpretation of history.
    • Emphasizes dialectical social transformation and analysis of class relations and conflict.
    • Major criticism targets the overemphasis on economic class for explaining historical trends.

    Sanction

    • Defined as a reward for conformity or a punishment for nonconformity.
    • Reinforces behaviors that are socially approved.

    Institution

    • Structured mechanisms governing behavior within a community.
    • Facilitates social order and cooperation among individuals.

    Kinship

    • Network of social relationships linked by common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.

    Subculture

    • A group with distinct values, norms, and lifestyles within a broader society.

    Community

    • A collective of individuals sharing a common identity, interacting on a sustained basis.

    Social Control

    • Pepinsky: Chinese communists use group manipulation of guilt and shame as an effective form of social control.

    Bureaucracy

    • A formal organization featuring a clear authority hierarchy and written procedural rules.
    • Staffed by salaried officials focused on efficient goal attainment.

    Religion

    • Primary function is to establish orderly relationships between individuals and their surroundings.

    Primary vs. Secondary Groups

    • Primary groups are small, with close, enduring relationships.
    • Secondary groups involve less personal interaction, characterized by temporary roles.

    Fascist System

    • A radical authoritarian nationalism aiming to unify through totalitarian state.
    • Views political violence, war, and imperialism as valid methods for national rejuvenation.

    Caste System vs Class System

    • Caste system involves hereditary status, lifestyle, and exclusion based on cultural notions of purity.
    • Class system categorizes people into upper, middle, and lower classes based on socio-economic factors.

    Stereotypes

    • Rigid, inflexible perceptions of group characteristics, leading to interactions based on preconceived notions.

    Discovery

    • Refers to the initial awareness of previously unobserved elements of nature.

    Paranormal Concepts

    • Clairvoyance: Gaining information through means beyond known senses.
    • Psychokinesis: Moving objects solely through mental effort.
    • Precognition: Foreknowledge of future events.
    • Telepathy: Communication of thoughts without known senses.

    Psychological Concepts

    • Fixation and Identification: Freud's concepts regarding attachment and assimilation of attributes from others.
    • Repression: Excluding desires from consciousness to manage impulses.
    • Regression: Reversion to earlier development stages when facing unacceptable impulses.

    Perception

    • Illusion: Distortion of senses; reveals how the brain processes stimuli.
    • Hallucination: Perception without external stimuli.
    • Auditory and Eidetic Imagery: Mental organization of sounds and mental pictures, respectively.

    Mood Disorders

    • Affective disorders involve mood elevation or depression.
    • Panic reactions lead to overwhelming fear or anxiety causing personality disorganization.

    Gestalt Principles of Perception

    • Proximity, Continuation, Closure, Common Fate, and Similarity influence how we perceive grouped objects.

    Parenting and Impulse

    • A loving and consistent parent fosters competence and self-reliance in children.
    • Human impulses often conflict with societal moral standards, notably related to sex and aggression.

    Attention and Learning

    • Selective attention enhances focus on particular stimuli while filtering others.
    • Sensory adaptation and Just Noticeable Difference pertain to perception and responsiveness over time.

    Learning Theories

    • Roger’s Self Theory advocates for self-actualization and situational perception in behavior.
    • Negative transfer refers to interference with learning due to prior experiences.

    Conditioning and Phobias

    • Operant conditioning involves reinforcing specific responses.
    • Classical conditioning pairs stimuli to evoke responses.
    • Phobias are irrational fears or aversions.

    Psychological Mechanisms

    • Desensitization reduces sensitivity to stimuli, while Modeling allows learning through observation.
    • Diffusion of responsibility affects individual accountability in group settings.

    Research Challenges

    • Experimental research faces issues like Demand characteristics, Hawthorne effect, and Halo effect.
    • Demand characteristics lead participants to alter behavior based on perceived purpose of study.

    Therapy Approaches

    • Gestalt therapy focuses on insight and resolving past conflicts, often through role play.
    • Reality therapy emphasizes realism and personal responsibility.
    • Psychoanalysis seeks to uncover unconscious conflicts and fears.

    Other Therapy Types

    • Behavior therapy modifies reactions to stimuli through training.
    • Client-centered therapy gives the client control over session focus.
    • Rational emotive therapy addresses emotional issues to promote a fulfilling life.

    Psychological Defense Mechanisms

    • Projection involves attributing unacceptable traits to others.
    • Suppression consciously excludes painful thoughts or memories.

    Motivation and Needs

    • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs categorizes human motivation from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of the Marxist model, focusing on its socio-economic and political worldview. This quiz delves into historical materialism, class relations, and the implications of sanctions and institutions in society. Test your understanding of the criticisms and applications of Marxist theory.

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