Marxist and Bourdieu's Theories Quiz
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

According to Marx, what is the term for the imbalance where the value of labor exceeds the worker's compensation?

Surplus value

What is the relationship between base and superstructure in Marx's view of society?

The base (economy) determines the superstructure (social and political institutions)

In Marxist theory, what constitutes the 'means of production'?

Privately owned belongings such as machinery and factories

What is the concept of 'false consciousness,' according to Marxist theory?

<p>A lack of awareness of one's true social class position</p> Signup and view all the answers

In contrast to false consciousness, what is 'class consciousness'?

<p>Awareness of one's social position and a desire for collective action</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two poles that exist within a field according to the provided text?

<p>Autonomous and heteronomous</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bourdieu, what are 'fields' in a society?

<p>Mostly autonomous areas where power struggles occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name three forms of capital, according to Bourdieu.

<p>Economic, cultural, and social capital</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does heteronomous art typically receive its status?

<p>Through its popularity with the middle class and its commercial value</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'Pure gaze' in relation to autonomous art?

<p>Appreciating art for its own sake, not economic value</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of capital does 'speaking patterns' fall under, according to Bourdieu?

<p>Embodied cultural capital</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'habitus' as explained in Bourdieu's Theory of Practice.

<p>Internalized dispositions, habits and ways of perception based on surroundings and upbringing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue that may be faced by a person from a lower class in college who lacks the cultural knowledge of higher social classes?

<p>Difficulty fitting in, differentiating between good and bad and potentially not doing well</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do 'micro actions' relate to 'macro structures'?

<p>Micro actions are bound by habitus and shape macro structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'symbolic violence' refer to in the context of social class?

<p>Dominant class imposing its lifestyle as the only one</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the post-structuralist movement a response to?

<p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to structuralism, what is the primary factor in shaping meaning?

<p>Language, systems, and binary oppositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does post-structuralism differ from the structuralist view of meaning?

<p>Post-structuralism views meaning as fluid, contingent, and shaped by social, historical, and cultural contexts, unlike structuralism's view of fixed meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Foucault mean by the 'relativity of truth'?

<p>Foucault suggests that knowledge is constructed through discourse and social practices, rather than being based on universal truths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Foucault, how are power and knowledge related?

<p>Power and knowledge are interconnected, with institutions using knowledge to exert control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'decentering the subject' in the context of post-structuralism?

<p>It is the critique of a single, autonomous individual, viewing subjectivity as shaped by historical and social contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are discourses understood, according to Foucault?

<p>Discourses are understood as ways of describing, defining, and classifying people, things, and knowledge that are not free of power relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Panopticon symbolize in Foucault's analysis of power?

<p>It represents a shift from overt physical control to subtle, internalized forms of discipline and self-regulation through surveillance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the idea of discourses changing over time relate to social norms?

<p>As new ideas emerge, what is considered normal can change, this leading to a shift in social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the techniques and strategies governments use to regulate and control populations?

<p>governmentality</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is 'biopolitics' primarily concerned with?

<p>regulation of life via discourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the three aspects of biopolitics mentioned in the text.

<p>regulation of life, power over bodies, population management</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe 'capillary' power, using information from the text.

<p>Power is everywhere, not centralized, and flows through all levels of society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'productive' power do, according to the text?

<p>shapes behaviors, knowledge and instiutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Black feminists criticize traditional identity politics?

<p>Overlooking differences within groups, ignoring intersectionality, suppressing experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Stuart Hall, what term describes the fluid, context-dependent nature of meaning, identity, and culture?

<p>Contingency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'new ethnicities' challenge about traditional understandings of ethnicity?

<p>viability and essentialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main critique of positivist approaches to knowledge production, according to the text?

<p>They require detachment from emotions and context, marginalizing lived experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why have black feminist epistemologies been historically rejected by traditional academic disciplines?

<p>Due to the oppression black women face and the selective inclusion of 'safe' black women while maintaining structural barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'habitus' as described in the text.

<p>Habitus refers to ingrained dispositions, habits, and behaviours shaped by an individual's background, education, and life experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'emotional habitus' differ from 'habitus'?

<p>Emotional habitus specifically focuses on how emotions are structured by social settings, while habitus encompasses broader behaviors and dispositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors Dubois identified as contributing to African American crime?

<p>Poverty, racial discrimination in employment, and competition for jobs with European immigrants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Dubois's work demonstrate about biological arguments about race?

<p>His work demonstrates that biological arguments about race are invalid when viewed through the lens of socioeconomic divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does black feminist epistemology engage in, instead of trying to fit into dominant frameworks?

<p>It engages in conversations about the broader relevance and transversality of their perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the challenges faced by black feminists in academia be overcome?

<p>Through dialogue and recognition of black feminist thought as a legitimate and valuable form of knowledge production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Du Bois's concept of double consciousness relate to the internal conflict of an individual?

<p>It describes the internal conflict of perceiving oneself through two different lenses, one's own culture and the dominant culture, leading to a fragmented self-perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Nietzsche's idea of 'revaluation of all values' challenge traditional morality?

<p>It challenges the Judeo-Christian morality by questioning its origin in resentment and arguing for constructed, rather than fixed, values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Simmel, how has modernity, resulting from advancing science and technology, affected human relationships?

<p>Modernity has led to more anonymous relationships, as customary constraints are diminished and interactions are mediated by technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Simmel perceive the function of money in society?

<p>He views money as fundamentally shaping interpersonal relationships, not just as a tool for transactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the base from the superstructure in Marxist theory?

<p>The base is the mode of production, structuring society, while the superstructure includes institutions that, in his opinion, reinforce the base's interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Marx, how does 'dominant ideology' contribute to the perpetuation of social inequality?

<p>Dominant ideology reflects the interests of the bourgeoisie, leading to false consciousness and perpetuating the class system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Marxist theory, how does 'alienation' relate to the nature of work in a capitalist society?

<p>Alienation stems from the exploitative nature of labor, where workers are dehumanized by the production of commodities and lose control over their labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Simmel, what is the main function of fashion?

<p>Fashion serves cultural needs rather than practical ones, acting as a social tool for navigating and expressing one's place in society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Surplus Value

The difference between the value a worker produces and their wage, exploited by the upper class (bourgeoisie).

Base and Superstructure

The structure of society where the economic base (production) determines the social and cultural superstructure (ideas and institutions).

False Consciousness

A social group's misunderstanding of their own class position, believing they are in a different place than they really are.

Class Consciousness

The opposite of false consciousness, where a social group is aware of their position and united to change it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mode of Production

The system of producing goods and services that drives capitalist society, including the means of production (tools and factories) and the relationship between employers and workers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Stratification

The division of people into different social ranks, based on factors like wealth, power, and prestige.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fields

Multiple independent spheres within society, each with its own rules, hierarchies, and forms of capital.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capital Types

The various forms of power and resources that individuals or groups possess within a field, such as economic, cultural, social, and symbolic capital.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autonomous Field

Describes fields that are driven by their internal logic and values, independent from external pressures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heteronomous Field

Describes fields that are heavily influenced by external factors, such as political or economic agendas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Field Influence

A field's ability to influence other fields. For example, economic trends can impact cultural trends.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Habitus

Pierre Bourdieu's theory that individuals acquire deeply ingrained habits, perceptions, and dispositions based on their social environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Symbolic Violence

The practice of dominant groups imposing their norms and values as the only acceptable ones, often subtly and unconsciously.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Structuralism

A movement focusing on understanding the world through the analysis of structures and systems that shape human behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Post-structuralism

A movement that challenges structuralism by emphasizing the importance of language and meaning in shaping our understanding of the world.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pure Gaze

The idea that appreciating art for its own sake, rather than its economic value, represents a more autonomous form of artistic expression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Governmentality

Techniques and strategies used by governments to control populations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biopolitics

The study of how power shapes life, focusing on discourse in social sciences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Regulation of life

Policies and norms aimed at managing and improving life, often replacing direct coercion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Power over bodies

The ways power shapes individual behavior to promote health, efficiency, etc.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Population management

Managing populations through state mechanisms, focusing on large-scale effects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capillary power

Power that is widely distributed throughout society, not concentrated in a single location.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Productive power

Power that shapes our behaviors, knowledge, and institutions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Incomplete power

Power that is constantly evolving and challenged by resistance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relativity of Truth

The idea that knowledge is not absolute but shaped by social practices and discourse.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Discourse

Ways of describing, defining, and classifying people, things, and ideas. Discourses are shaped by power relations and cultural contexts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Power and Knowledge Intertwined

The concept that power and knowledge are intertwined, with institutions and structures using knowledge to exert control.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Decentering the Subject

The critique of the notion of a singular, autonomous individual, suggesting that our identities are shaped by social and historical contexts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Panopticon

A prison design where a central guard tower allows observation of all prisoners without them being able to see the guard. This fosters self-discipline and normalization of behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modern Power Dynamics

The shift in modern societies from direct physical control to internalized self-discipline, where individuals conform to social norms through surveillance and social pressures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fluid and Contingent Meaning

The idea that meaning is not fixed but is constantly evolving and influenced by social, historical, and cultural contexts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Emotional Habitus

A specific type of habitus focused on emotional responses. It emphasizes how our emotions are shaped by cultural and social practices.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Black Feminist Epistemology

A challenging of the positivist approach in academia, which often marginalizes black women's experiences. It focuses on black women's unique perspectives and knowledge.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Factors Contributing to Black American Crime

A group of factors that Dubois identified as contributing to Black American crime, including poverty and racial discrimination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Black Underclass

Dubois' observation that African Americans could be categorized into four distinct subgroups based on their economic status and cultural factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alternative Epistemologies

A set of perspectives that challenge the dominant frameworks and acknowledge the unique knowledge and experiences of marginalized groups, such as black women.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positivist Approach

A traditional way of thinking in academia that relies on large-scale generalizations and objective observations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recognition of Black Feminist Thought

The process of acknowledging and validating Black feminist perspectives as legitimate and valuable forms of knowledge production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Double Consciousness

The feeling of being both inside and outside a society, experiencing a split identity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Revaluation of Values

A critique of modern morality, questioning the Judeo-Christian idea of self and the role of resentment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reactive Morality

The belief that individuals suffer because of external forces, leading to a focus on enemies and a victim mentality.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Society as Interaction

Simmel's theory that society emerges from the interactions of countless individuals, emphasizing the role of group formation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anomy & Relationships

The increasing anonymity and impersonality of relationships due to advancements in technology.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Standpoint Theory

  • Standpoint theory, created by Patricia Hill Collins and Sandra Harding, argues knowledge is created through historical and social experiences.
  • It challenges the notion of objective knowledge production, suggesting all knowledge is situated within specific historical and social practices.
  • Standpoint theory critiques dominant viewpoints in academia, arguing that dominant groups reproduce a world perspective while minority groups offer unbiased viewpoints.

Eurocentric Standpoint

  • Eurocentric standpoint views the West as superior to the rest of the world.
  • Core concepts include bifurcation (separating the West from the rest of the world for study) and using Western knowledge as a universal standard.
  • Orientalism, a concept within the Eurocentric standpoint, is the belief that the West is superior to the rest of the world, especially viewing Asian communities as less civilized and making negative assumptions without sufficient research.

Southern Standpoint

  • The Southern standpoint contrasts with the Eurocentric viewpoint.
  • It emphasizes the experiences of all cultures and dismisses Western superiority.
  • Key concepts include radical relationalism (emphasizing global interconnectedness and rejecting Western universalism) and rejection of orientalism (dismantling Western superiority).
  • This concept faces challenges regarding essentializing diverse experiences and whether shared colonial history is enough for a unified standpoint.

Marxist Theory

  • Marxist theory, developed by Karl Marx (1818-1883), focuses on economic inequalities and class struggles in society.
  • It views society as shaped by the "mode of production," which includes the “means of production” (machinery, factories) and relations of production (relationships between employers and employees).
  • False consciousness, where individuals hold attitudes unrelated to their social class position, is contrasted with class consciousness—a complete understanding of one’s social position.
  • Social stratification, ranking people within society, and the reproduction of inequality through academic and cultural practices are key aspects of the theory.

Bourdieu's Field Theory

  • Bourdieu's field theory posits that society is composed of multiple fields operating with their own rules and hierarchies.
  • Fields have different forms of capital: economic (income), cultural (embodied knowledge and skills), social (networks), and symbolic (prestige and recognition).
  • Power struggles occur within these fields as individuals and groups compete for resources and status. This theory examines how power operates through social institutions and cultural practices.

Foucault's Post-Structuralism

  • Foucault's post-structuralism critiques structuralism's focus on universal, unchanging structures.
  • It proposes that meaning is fluid and contingent, shaped by social, historical, and cultural contexts.
  • Knowledge, power, and discourse are interconnected, and discourse systems play a central role in shaping knowledge and social norms.
  • Foucault's work emphasizes the importance of dismantling fixed systems of thought and understanding how power operates in seemingly neutral systems (like prisons).

Politics of Identity

  • Identity politics analyzes how power structures shape understandings of identity.
  • It highlights how identities are constructed and perceived, and how identity-based communities create strategies for resistance.
  • Hegemony and the dominance of one social group over others are central concepts.
  • Challenges to dominant narratives and the construction of new perspectives are important aspects of identity politics.

Black Feminist Epistemology

  • This challenges Eurocentric frameworks and highlights the importance of intersectionality.
  • Black feminist thought emphasizes the experiences of black women in education, culture, media, and elsewhere, contrasting these with dominant white-male perspectives.
  • It addresses the limited representation and validation of black feminist knowledge and experience in academia.

Habitus vs Emotional Habitus

  • Habitus, a concept by Bourdieu, examines how social background shapes individuals' behaviours, perceptions, and thoughts.
  • Emotional habitus focuses on how emotions and responses are influenced by social settings and cultural contexts. 

Panopticon

  • The Panopticon is a prison design where inmates cannot see the guards, but the guards can see the inmates.
  • This results in the inmates internalizing disciplinary norms for their own self-governance.
  • This illustrates Foucault's concept of power as dispersed within social structures and self-regulated.

Nietzsche

  • Nietzsche’s revaluation of all values examines the challenges to existing moral systems.
  • Key aspects are resentment, reactive morality, and the relationship between language and reality (language does not objectively reflect reality).

Simmel

  • Simmel explores society via interactions and relationships.
  • Emphasizes how interactions among individuals create social forms and the role of freedom in a world with reduced customary restrictions.
  • The influence of money and the role of fashion as symbolic tools within society are important concepts.

Marx

  • Marx addresses society's economic structures, especially capitalism. This is seen in the relationships between “means of production” and relations of production. This also involves the idea of shared identity among the working class.

Durkheim

  • Durkheim focuses on social order and solidarity in society.
  • Introduces two forms of solidarity (mechanical/organic) based on the division of labour in societies, which relate to social integration and cohesion.
  • Durkheim views shared values and rituals as crucially important for social cohesion and stability.

Weber

  • Weber examines the motivations behind social actions.
  • Emphasizes the difference between value rationality (driven by ideals) and instrumental rationality (based on efficiency and goals).
  • Weber discusses different forms of legitimate authority based on tradition, charisma, and rational-legal systems.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

CS Summary PDF

Description

Test your understanding of key concepts from Marxist theory and Bourdieu's Theory of Practice. This quiz covers topics such as labor value, class consciousness, fields, and forms of capital. Dive into the intricate relationships that define social structures and cultural knowledge in society.

More Like This

Marxist Theory Quiz
5 questions

Marxist Theory Quiz

HumourousQuartz avatar
HumourousQuartz
Marxist Theory and Contemporary Challenges
5 questions

Marxist Theory and Contemporary Challenges

NavigableParadise avatar
NavigableParadise
Marxist Theory of Crime Quiz
12 questions

Marxist Theory of Crime Quiz

HonoredIsland9453 avatar
HonoredIsland9453
Sociology of Arts II: Art Fields
21 questions

Sociology of Arts II: Art Fields

FavorableEnglishHorn avatar
FavorableEnglishHorn
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser