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What significant agricultural advancements contributed to the market economy in the United States?
What significant agricultural advancements contributed to the market economy in the United States?
Which statement accurately reflects the impact of federal land policy on Native Americans?
Which statement accurately reflects the impact of federal land policy on Native Americans?
What was the outcome of the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia?
What was the outcome of the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia?
What was President Andrew Jackson's approach to the land issues faced by Native Americans?
What was President Andrew Jackson's approach to the land issues faced by Native Americans?
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Which of the following tribes was NOT considered one of the 'Five Civilized Tribes'?
Which of the following tribes was NOT considered one of the 'Five Civilized Tribes'?
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What directly resulted from the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
What directly resulted from the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
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How did American agriculture transform between 1815 and 1860?
How did American agriculture transform between 1815 and 1860?
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What was a key demographic change in the United States between 1810 and 1820?
What was a key demographic change in the United States between 1810 and 1820?
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Which of the following statements best describes the economic context of Native Americans during this period?
Which of the following statements best describes the economic context of Native Americans during this period?
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What significant contribution did Eli Whitney make to industrial development?
What significant contribution did Eli Whitney make to industrial development?
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Which of the following inventions had its first practical application in 1844?
Which of the following inventions had its first practical application in 1844?
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Which process developed by Charles Goodyear enhanced the properties of natural rubber?
Which process developed by Charles Goodyear enhanced the properties of natural rubber?
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What was a significant effect of the cotton gin on the workforce?
What was a significant effect of the cotton gin on the workforce?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with the factory system as developed in New England?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with the factory system as developed in New England?
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What did Samuel Slater contribute to the industrial landscape of the United States?
What did Samuel Slater contribute to the industrial landscape of the United States?
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How did the number of daily newspapers change from 1790 to 1860?
How did the number of daily newspapers change from 1790 to 1860?
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Which invention was improved upon a few years after Elias Howe's original design?
Which invention was improved upon a few years after Elias Howe's original design?
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What was one of the main benefits of interchangeable parts in manufacturing?
What was one of the main benefits of interchangeable parts in manufacturing?
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Which of the following was a major development in the communications revolution during the 19th century?
Which of the following was a major development in the communications revolution during the 19th century?
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What was one major consequence of the relocation of the Cherokee people during the Trail of Tears?
What was one major consequence of the relocation of the Cherokee people during the Trail of Tears?
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What factor contributed significantly to the growth of American agriculture between 1815 and 1860?
What factor contributed significantly to the growth of American agriculture between 1815 and 1860?
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Which policy change aimed to facilitate land acquisition for small farmers after the Panic of 1819?
Which policy change aimed to facilitate land acquisition for small farmers after the Panic of 1819?
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What was the Pre-Emption Act's main purpose when it was enacted?
What was the Pre-Emption Act's main purpose when it was enacted?
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During which conflict did the Sauk and Fox tribes face defeat?
During which conflict did the Sauk and Fox tribes face defeat?
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What was a significant economic issue that affected land purchases for small farmers?
What was a significant economic issue that affected land purchases for small farmers?
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What was one effect of the federal government's land policy after the War of 1812?
What was one effect of the federal government's land policy after the War of 1812?
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Which Native American tribe fought a guerrilla war in Florida from 1835 to 1842?
Which Native American tribe fought a guerrilla war in Florida from 1835 to 1842?
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What was one limitation of the federal land policy for settlers in the early 19th century?
What was one limitation of the federal land policy for settlers in the early 19th century?
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Prior to the 1790s, cotton was considered what type of crop in the Southern United States?
Prior to the 1790s, cotton was considered what type of crop in the Southern United States?
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What was one main reason craftsmen began to form trade unions in the 1830s?
What was one main reason craftsmen began to form trade unions in the 1830s?
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Which labor demand was primarily championed by early trade unions by the 1860s?
Which labor demand was primarily championed by early trade unions by the 1860s?
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What significant event took place in Philadelphia in 1835?
What significant event took place in Philadelphia in 1835?
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How did craftsmen initially view unskilled workers in the 1830s?
How did craftsmen initially view unskilled workers in the 1830s?
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By the 1860s, which industry had not accepted the demand for a ten-hour workday?
By the 1860s, which industry had not accepted the demand for a ten-hour workday?
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What common issues did craftsmen and unskilled workers find they were collectively concerned about?
What common issues did craftsmen and unskilled workers find they were collectively concerned about?
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What was a key characteristic of the division of labor in the early factory system?
What was a key characteristic of the division of labor in the early factory system?
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Where was the first factory established that utilized power machinery for spinning and weaving?
Where was the first factory established that utilized power machinery for spinning and weaving?
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What was the work schedule like for the women employed in Lowell's mills?
What was the work schedule like for the women employed in Lowell's mills?
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Why were the wages of the women in the mills lower than those of the men?
Why were the wages of the women in the mills lower than those of the men?
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What significant change occurred in the workforce of the mills in the 1840s and 1850s?
What significant change occurred in the workforce of the mills in the 1840s and 1850s?
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Why was textile manufacturing concentrated in the Northeast before the Civil War?
Why was textile manufacturing concentrated in the Northeast before the Civil War?
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What role did proximity to raw materials play in industrial development?
What role did proximity to raw materials play in industrial development?
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Which city became a center for the iron industry due to its natural resources?
Which city became a center for the iron industry due to its natural resources?
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What was typical of the workplace experiences of women in the Lowell mills?
What was typical of the workplace experiences of women in the Lowell mills?
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What kind of tensions developed as a result of the factory system?
What kind of tensions developed as a result of the factory system?
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Study Notes
Market Economy Development in the U.S.
- Several factors contributed to the rise of a market economy in the United States, including westward expansion, agricultural advancements, and urbanization.
- Land Acquisition: The federal government acquired millions of acres of land from Native Americans, which fueled westward settlement.
- Agricultural Expansion: The introduction of new crops, like cotton, and advancements in farm equipment led to significant growth in American agriculture.
- Urbanization: The period from 1815 to 1860 witnessed a notable increase in urban populations.
Native American Removal
- The United States' economic expansion often came at the expense of Native Americans. Settlers and speculators placed increasing pressure on tribal lands.
- The Cherokee Nation, which was comprised of farmers and even enslaved people, fought for their sovereignty in court.
- The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee in Worcester v. Georgia (1832), but President Andrew Jackson ignored the ruling.
- The Indian Removal Act of 1830 led to the forced relocation of several tribes, including the Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Cherokee.
- The Cherokee's forced removal in 1838, also known as the Trail of Tears, resulted in the deaths of thousands due to disease and exposure.
Federal Land Policy
- The federal government sold public lands for $2 per acre (minimum 160 acres), which encouraged land speculation.
- The Panic of 1819 led to reforms, reducing the purchase price and minimum acreage, but requiring cash payment.
- Squatters, who had settled the land before surveying, were granted the right to purchase the land through the Pre-Emption Act of 1841.
Agricultural Boom
- The period from 1815 to 1860 was a boom for American agriculture, driven by high demand for farm products, both domestically and internationally.
- Cotton became a major crop after Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin. This machine made it easier to separate cotton fibers from seeds, leading to both increased cotton production and the expansion of slavery.
Technological Innovations
- Though some technology was "borrowed," the United States made notable contributions to industrial development.
- Interchangeable parts, developed by Eli Whitney, revolutionized manufacturing by increasing efficiency and reducing labor costs.
- Vulcanization, invented by Charles Goodyear, made rubber stronger and more durable.
- The sewing machine, patented by Elias Howe and refined by Isaac Singer, greatly impacted clothing production.
- Samuel Morse's electric telegraph (1844) led to a revolution in communication.
Rise of the Factory System
- New England's textile industry pioneered the factory system, characterized by:
- Division of labor: Workers focused on specific tasks rather than completing the entire product.
- Use of machines: Machines were used in all stages of production.
- Specialized production: Production was broken down into phases.
- The Lowell Mills (1822) employed young women from rural areas, who lived in company housing.
- While women were paid less than men, they gained some independence.
- Immigrant labor, mainly Irish men, replaced women in the mills in the 1840s and 1850s.
- Proximity to resources (like rivers for power, ore, and coal) influenced industrial development in different regions.
Worker Opposition and Tensions
- The factory system caused tensions, as skilled craftsmen saw their work threatened by machines and cheaper labor.
- Craftsmen began forming trade unions to protect their interests.
- The first general strike in the U.S. occurred in Philadelphia in 1835, spearheaded by artisans and coal heavers demanding a ten-hour workday.
- By the 1860s, most industries adopted a shorter workday, except for New England textile mills.
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Description
Explore the factors leading to the rise of a market economy in the United States, including westward expansion, agricultural advancements, and urbanization. This quiz also delves into the impacts on Native Americans, examining key events like the Cherokee Nation's fight for sovereignty.
