Marker Systems in Aviation

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Questions and Answers

Which of these frequencies does a pilot switch to on approach to an airport?

  • Glideslope
  • Airway Marker
  • Localizer (LOC) (correct)
  • VHF Omni Range (VOR)

The Glideslope frequency is automatically selected when switching to the LOC frequency.

True (A)

What type of navigation techniques can be used to maneuver the aircraft onto the approach course?

Conventional navigation techniques or radar guidance from air traffic control.

The outer marker beacon or a VOR intersection can be used as a turning point in a ______.

<p>holding pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a marker beacon used in the approach phase of flight?

<p>Fan Marker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Airway Markers transmit a low-pitched signal.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the marker beacons with their corresponding colors:

<p>Outer Marker = Blue Middle Marker = Amber Inner Marker = White</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Fan Markers?

<p>Fan Markers provide accurate position reports within airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distance of the Outer Marker (OM) from the runway threshold?

<p>4 nm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Inner Marker (IM) is a beacon commonly found in civilian airports.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the marker beacons?

<p>Marker beacons help pilots determine their position along the landing path by providing visual and audible signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ beacon is located at 3500 ft from the runway threshold.

<p>Middle Marker (MM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of lights are used to identify the marker beacons?

<p>Blue, Amber, White (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the marker beacons with their corresponding distances from the runway threshold:

<p>OM = 4 nm MM = 3500 ft IM = 250 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the transmitted power of a marker beacon falls below 50% of normal, the airport controller will be notified.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are pilots informed of their position along the landing path using marker beacons?

<p>Pilots are informed by Morse codes and lights displayed on the cockpit instrumentation panel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of markers in the Marker Beacon system?

<p>Outer Marker, Middle Marker, Inner Marker (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main purpose of the Marker Beacon system is to indicate to the pilot that the airplane is passing over a particular geographical position.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What frequency do the marker beacon stations transmit their signals?

<p>75 MHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Outer Marker is used for points along an __________ landing path.

<p>instrument</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following marker types with their functions:

<p>Outer Marker = Indicates the final approach point Middle Marker = Indicates the decision height Inner Marker = Signifies the threshold of the runway Final Marker = Not a recognized marker in the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Middle Marker (MM) signal signify during the landing approach?

<p>It is a decision point to land or to declare a missed approach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Outer Marker (OM) beacon is located at 4 nm from the runway threshold.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tone is emitted when the Middle Marker is identified?

<p>1300 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ beacon helps in holding the aircraft on the descent path.

<p>Outer Marker</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Middle Marker = Decision point to land or declare missed approach Outer Marker = Located 4 nm from the runway threshold Inner Marker = Typically not installed in most airports Flight Warning Computer = Monitors Marker system conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tone activates the blue outer marker light?

<p>400 Hz (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outer marker is identified when the amber light comes on.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What frequency tone is emitted when passing over an airway marker?

<p>3000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

The middle marker is indicated by a __________ light and a 1300 Hz tone.

<p>amber</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component converts VHF signals to an aural output in the marker beacon system?

<p>Audio Amplifier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the tone frequencies with their respective marker lights:

<p>400 Hz = Blue Outer Marker 1300 Hz = Amber Middle Marker 3000 Hz = White Marker/Airways Marker</p> Signup and view all the answers

The marker beacon system is turned on when the airplane electrical buses are not energized.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the indicators and lights associated with the marker beacon system when the appropriate circuit breaker is closed?

<p>They become active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Approach Lights?

<p>To show position and altitude before touchdown (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Runway Edge Lights extend to the full length of the runway.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How far do Touchdown Zone lights typically cover on the runway?

<p>3000 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ lights show the aircraft's touchdown area.

<p>Touchdown Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lighting systems with their purpose:

<p>Approach Lights = Judge position and altitude before touchdown Runway Edge Lights = Indicate runway width Touchdown Zone Lights = Show the touchdown area Runway Centreline Lights = Mark the runway centerline</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate power density at the airport marker if a 10 kW transmitter is located 10 nm away?

<p>8 W/nm² (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The distance indications for localizer and glideslope antennas are exact and do not vary.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What frequency does the aircraft marker beacon receiver system typically use?

<p>75 MHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

OM (Outer Marker)

Position marker located 4 nautical miles from the runway threshold.

MM (Middle Marker)

Position marker located 3500 feet from the runway threshold.

IM (Inner Marker)

Position marker located 250 feet from the runway threshold.

Morse Code Identification

Use of Morse codes by pilots to identify marker positions.

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Beacon Light Colors

Blue, amber, and white lights indicate marker beacon status.

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Transmitter Power Monitoring

Monitoring of ground marker beacon transmitters for power levels.

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Modulation Percentage

Eighty percent modulation keying indicates proper beacon function.

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Final Approach Monitoring

Pilots use lights and tones to track approach progress to the runway.

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Approach Lights

Visible lights that guide pilots for position and altitude before landing.

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Runway Edge Lights

Lights that indicate the usable width and length of the runway.

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Touchdown Zone Lights

Lights indicating the touchdown area, typically for the first 3000 ft of landing.

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Runway Centreline Lights

Lights that extend down the center of the runway for alignment during landing.

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Marker Beacon System

System that provides location information when flying near designated points.

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Power Density Calculation

Formula to find power density at a distance from a transmitter: P = 10kW / (4π * distance²).

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Localizer Antenna

A device that determines horizontal position relative to the runway.

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Glideslope Antenna

A device that provides vertical guidance for the aircraft's descent.

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VHF Omni Range (VOR)

A navigation system used by pilots for aircraft positioning.

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Localizer (LOC)

A radio signal aiding in lateral guidance for landing.

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Glideslope

A navigation aid providing vertical guidance during an approach.

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Marker beacon

An indicator used to signal the aircraft's position during approach.

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Fan marker

A type of airway marker transmitting high-pitched signals in a fan beam.

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Angle of approach

The angle at which an aircraft descends towards the runway.

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Coded signal

A specific sound signal from beacons indicating position information.

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Holding pattern

A maneuver to keep an aircraft in a specific area while awaiting clearance.

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Outer Marker (OM)

The first marker beacon a plane encounters when approaching an airport, typically located several miles from the runway.

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Middle Marker (MM)

The marker beacon located closer to the runway, providing indication as the aircraft approaches landing.

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Inner Marker (IM)

The closest marker beacon to the runway, indicating that the plane is very near to landing.

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Marker Beacon Frequency

The signal transmitted by marker beacons, typically at 75 MHz, modulated with specific audio tones.

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Instrumentation Landing System (ILS)

A system that pairs localizer and glideslope frequencies for landing approach.

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Automatic Direction Finding (ADF)

An station type that can function as an Outer Marker beacon, aiding navigation.

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Flight Warning Computer (FWC)

Monitors marker system conditions, alerts pilot of any failures.

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400 Hz Tone

An audio tone that, when received, lights up the blue outer marker light.

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1300 Hz Tone

An audio tone that, when received, lights up the amber middle marker light.

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3000 Hz Tone

An audio tone that, when received, lights up the white marker or airway marker light.

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VHF Signal Characteristics

VHF signals in this context consist of a 75 MHz carrier amplitude modulated by specific audio tones.

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Airway Markers

Markers associated with navigation that provide the aircraft's exact position at range stations.

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Outer Marker Location

The outer marker is directly below where an airplane should start descending on a localizer course.

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Middle Marker Purpose

Located near the runway, it indicates where a descent could be discontinued.

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Study Notes

Marker Systems

  • Marker systems are used on final approaches to runways
  • Outer Marker (OM), Middle Marker (MM), and Inner Marker (IM) are common categories
  • Markers transmit a 75 MHz RF signal modulated with audio tones for identification. (400Hz, 1300Hz, or 3000Hz)
  • Locations of markers from the runway threshold are categorized in a table.

Marker Beacon System

  • Purpose: Informs the pilot of location over a particular geographical position along an air route or instrument landing path.
  • Markers are often categorised into Outer Marker (OM), Middle Marker (MM), and Inner Marker (IM).
  • Outer Marker (OM) is generally 4 nautical miles from runway threshold
  • Middle Marker (MM) is usually 3500 feet from runway threshold
  • Inner Marker (IM) is typically 250 feet from runway threshold

Marker Beacon Principle

  • Visual representation of the marker beacon in relation to the runway and other instruments like a localizer and glideslope.
  • The outer marker (blue light, 400Hz tone) is furthest from the runway.
  • The middle marker (amber light, 1300Hz tone) is between the other two.
  • The inner marker (white light, 3000Hz tone) is closest to the runway.

Marker Operation

  • Pilots use VHF Omni Range (VOR) frequency, Localizer (LOC), and Glideslope for approach to airports
  • Pilot can use conventional navigation or radar from air traffic control for approach.
  • Pilots are sometimes instructed to enter a holding pattern.

Marker Beacon System (Airborne)

  • Aircraft have marker beacon receiver systems with RF amplifier and a detector
  • Audio frequencies (400, 1300, or 3000Hz) are interpreted by the receiver system, activating lights (outer blue, middle amber, or inner light white lights) in response.
  • Tones are sent through audio to the cockpit/headset
  • These tones aid in identifying the station.

Airport Lighting Indicators

  • Runway Visual Range (RVR) needs to be at least 1200 feet for Category II approach.
  • Category II approach requires certified equipment, training, and special conditions.
  • Airports certified for Category II approaches have stricter standards for localizers and glideslope transmissions.
  • Runway lights are classified into sequenced, flashing, and other types based on function (Approach, Runway Edge, Touchdown Zone, Centreline)

Marker System Interface

  • Pilot selects the Instrument Landing System (ILS) mode by changing the frequency on the control unit.
  • Outer Marker guides aircraft descent.
  • Middle Marker assists in making decisions on landing or missed approach.
  • Inner marker is rarely at civilian airports (not on every airport)

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