Maritime Safety: Human Factors

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Questions and Answers

What percentage range do human errors contribute to tanker accidents, according to studies?

  • 60-65%
  • 70-74%
  • 84-88% (correct)
  • 90-95%

Compared to air transport, how much riskier is the maritime transport system, based on deaths per 100 km?

  • 10 times riskier
  • 15 times riskier
  • 25 times riskier (correct)
  • 5 times riskier

What percentage of ships, according to inspectors, operate with mixed crews?

  • 68%
  • 32%
  • 44%
  • 56% (correct)

What approximate percentage of ships had officers predominantly from the European Union?

<p>32% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most emphasized as a positive aspect of a seafaring career in the provided content?

<p>Lucrative pay packages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as a significant factor contributing to stress for officers in the shipping industry?

<p>Stringent maritime laws (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining physical and mental health aligns with which category of needs for a seafarer?

<p>Physical needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as a typical emotional need for seafarers?

<p>Dealing with loneliness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adapting swiftly between shipboard tasks best aligns with which psychological need?

<p>Multi tasking abilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Accepting the values and systems from people of different cultures is most aligned towards?

<p>Developing multi cultural respect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action when brown rice is unavailable for seafarers?

<p>Reduce white rice intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aside from children, which group is directly encouraged to supplement with milk consumption?

<p>Those at risk of osteoporosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, what type of chocolate is most encouraged when having cravings?

<p>Dark chocolate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A General Manager would most commonly head which department?

<p>Fleet Personnel Department (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Formulating a work plan of the vessels command is a function of?

<p>Technical Management Department (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The implementation of the ISM code's safety and quality aspect is handled by?

<p>Designated Person Ashore (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which department within an organization is responsible for negotiating with various parties of chartering vessels?

<p>Commercial Management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following departments directly interfaces between ship staff and the highest level of management ashore?

<p>Designated Person Ashore (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major component in the Deck department organizational structure?

<p>Second Officer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most uniquely associated to the Catering department compared to other ship board departments?

<p>Entry level and unlicenced positions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a helmsman compared to the lookout, regarding direction?

<p>The helmsman carries out orders from the conning officer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is India's rank in terms of fleet size, as of 2007?

<p>15th (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific aspect of India's shipping industry creates disadvantages with its foreign counterparts?

<p>Fiscal regime (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central objective of the National Maritime Development Programme (NMDP)?

<p>Modernize and expand port and shipping sectors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has had limited influence of the current Indian shipping's capacity?

<p>Lack of knowledge of cargo size and port location (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are coastal operations most commonly grouped towards when categorizing?

<p>Shipping segements by geographic operation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor would prevent someone in re-employment from consideration?

<p>Tuberculosis after full recovery with lung effectiveness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a general attribute of having a positive attitude within a professional setting?

<p>Adapts to any situation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is most indicative of maintaining a conducive work ethos?

<p>Trust people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step to dealing with anger by yourself?

<p>Relax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action would a the Designated person ashore (DPA) likely take, if there was a series of incidents relating to non-compliance of safety?

<p>Ensure safety concerns are dealt with efficiently (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cadets concerning on board roles and expectations?

<p>Learn Comprehend and demonstrate applicable skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main types of sea transport? (Select all that apply)

<p>Deep-sea shipping (A), Short-sea shipping (C), Inland waterways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some qualities of having healthy relationships on board ships? (Select all that apply)

<p>Positive work atmosphere (B), Total professionalism (C), Freedom of expression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors are needed to keep in mind when building ship-board relationsips? (Select all that apply)

<p>There exist a hierarchical system apart from the structural work environment (A), Acknowledge the chain of command (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the listed items are considered good practice for assessing Negative feedback? (Select all that apply)

<p>Assess feedback with a cool mind (A), Be a good listener (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central attribute pertaining to a fleet management company?

<p>Daily follow up is done in accordance with safety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the follow areas does the Indian government need to improve to promote economic development? (Select all that apply)

<p>Development of seafaring talent (A), Tonnage Acquisition (B), A restrictive taxation system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge for seafarers due to the confined nature of ships?

<p>Increased susceptibility to frustration and loneliness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the increasing stringency of maritime laws primarily affect officers at the management level?

<p>By increasing stress due to constant scrutiny and compliance demands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant consequence of reduced shore leave for seafarers?

<p>Decreased sense of connection with the outside world (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might seafarers have to end their careers prematurely due to health issues?

<p>Requirement of immediate medical attention for diagnosed conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How could eating only the egg white help promote better health?

<p>They contain zero cholesterol improving cardiovascular health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect, related to a seafarer's health, does sodium have?

<p>Triggering fluctuations in blood pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for seafarers to supplement their diet with milk?

<p>It provides necessary calcium to strengthen bones and prevent osteoporosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it recommended to choose wheat bread over white bread for seafarers?

<p>Has lower glycemic index (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological demand is addressed by the ability to willingly follow orders from superiors?

<p>Hierarchical structure adaptability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cultural respect contribute to a seafarer's psychological well-being?

<p>Promoting social integration and team functionality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a conducive work ethos enhance learning within a professional environment?

<p>Enabling critical and responsive skills. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'work ethos' primarily define in a professional setting?

<p>Individual behaviors and values. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is having positive and congenial work relations important for any onboard staff?

<p>It allows safe journeys and objectives to be met in a professional matter. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of seeking professional therapy for anger issues?

<p>It helps establish new techniques to manage emotional well-being. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a 'positive attitude' in professional interactions?

<p>Evaluating people and situations correctly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect, or definition of having a bad attitude?

<p>It becomes impossible to progress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has 'home bias' towards domestic shipbuilding affect the industry?

<p>Has created reliance on international parties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The "core fleet" concept helps the economic competitiveness, through what effect?

<p>By lessening the country's freight costs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the national tonnage provide during war/economic crisis?

<p>A maritime defence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Although India has made key strategic improvements over the last while, shipping is still not competitive, due to what factor?

<p>High tariffs compared to other countries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is India's international trade assisted through being connected to the sea?

<p>By contributing substantially a multiplier effect of trading by sea. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are major focal attributes of the government, or Indian Government, to ensure stable shipping?

<p>Improve export incentives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of a vessel is the officer of the watch most responsible for?

<p>Following the conning of the ship. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly involved with short sea shipping?

<p>Coastal and nearby. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Technical Management Department?

<p>Execution activities all connected to all things maintenance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best summarises operational planning?

<p>Short-term events. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An efficient fleet must exhibit what attribute in relation to regulatory standards?

<p>Strict compliance of all regulatory requirements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cost effective operation of all vessels while at sea falls under what term?

<p>Fleet management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The DPA oversees what specific aspect with all ships?

<p>Safe and pollution protection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Fleet Management oversee, distinct to other shipping entities?

<p>Crew and maintenance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does one sustain a positive attitude?

<p>Be thankful in all elements of life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action can be adopted to reduce stress at the workplace?

<p>Maintain effective interpersonal relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a nautical apprentice have to encompass to succeed?

<p>Learn essential duties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the steward department assist maintaining overall standards on board?

<p>Ensuring proper storage operations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common, critical, function for the technical department?

<p>Adhering to a plan for the job. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The deck rating ensures what function is maintained?

<p>Vigilant observations are made for proper navigation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Technical expertise is primarily a component of which special need?

<p>Technical needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When thinking about long irregular hours, what is important to consider?

<p>Working odd hours, and fitness is required the whole time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the demanding nature of seafaring necessitate a strong aptitude for continuous learning and skill enhancement?

<p>Rapid technological advancements in ship systems and navigation demand constant professional development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ship operating under a 'flag of convenience' outsources its technical management to a company in Hong Kong, employing crew from India and the Philippines. What primary challenge arises from this organizational structure?

<p>Ensuring consistent application of safety and environmental regulations across diverse operational contexts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a shipping company is focusing on routine or operational planning, what environment attribute would they need to address?

<p>Adapting to changing commercial environment with short term impact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A shipping company discovers a systemic failure in adherence to safety protocols across its fleet. What would be the most effective measure for the Designated Person Ashore (DPA) to implement?

<p>Conducting detailed audits and risk assessments to identify the reasons of non-compliance and implement corrective actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition would a person previously diagnosed with tuberculosis, who has received treatment may prevent them from being considered for re-employment as a seafarer?

<p>If either one or both lungs have been seriously affected. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the most viable method a seafarer maintain effective interpersonal relationships as part of conducive work ethos?

<p>Checking that all operations are carried out in compliance with safety rules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome of failing to address the underlying causes of one's frequent anger?

<p>Exacerbated and frequent anger. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In modern Indian shipping, where government-led initiatives focus on maritime development, what is the anticipated effect on the country's economic trajectory?

<p>A multiplier effect from the promotion of economic growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose for India to develop a 'core fleet', comprising of national-flagged ships?

<p>To gain economic competitiveness through a balance effect on freight charges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of India's economic and defense strategies, what fundamental role does its national tonnage play?

<p>To provide logistical independence during times of war or global economic crises. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What policy revision(s) are needed to promote local economy, and give India a competitive edge?

<p>Decreasing tax liability for shipping organizations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to reports, what aspect of the officer of the watch is of most importance?

<p>Implementing quality control and safe navigation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is operational planning critical in shipping, amid economic concerns?

<p>It ensures maximum fleet output relative to regulatory standards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most crucial operational aspect that fleet management companies oversee to enhance the efficiency and profitability of vessel operations?

<p>Ensuring ships operation are cost effective and safe. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person encounters challenges sustaining a positive attitude, what would be the most helpful action to take?

<p>Practice mindfulness, appreciate what they have. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measure, for seafarers, is most proactive in minimizing their stress levels at the workplace?

<p>Seeking assistance when one needs it from peers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What competency should a nautical apprentice prioritize to succeed in their initial career stages?

<p>Encompassing basic duties and implementing new skills. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When thinking about the health impact of irregular hours, what is most important to consider?

<p>Adequate time to recover. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is most effective for a seafarer adapting to multi-cultural environments?

<p>Openness and willingness to learn about and respect cultural background. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of merchant ships operations, it is best to have a work ethos that encompasses which of these actions?

<p>Fosters learning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nature of job at sea

Working as seafarers involves a lifestyle of traveling to new shores, meeting new people, and working on advanced structures.

Lucrative jobs at sea

Merchant navy offers high salaries, scales set as per IMO and ILO laws, varying with qualification and position.

Adventurous life style

A career with adventures on a day-to-day basis. Not a nine-to-five job, offers utmost adventurous experiences.

Professionalism and teamwork at sea

In Maritime careers, individuals have to function better as a unit. Mariners need good communication skills, resourcefulness, and high discipline.

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Opportunity to work with diverse cultures

Meet diverse cultures and nationalities. Understand and function better as a team player, and learn about different cultures and traditions.

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Hectic Life

Life on board can be hectic due to stringent maritime regulations, increased paperwork, advanced training, and rigorous safety laws.

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Onboard politics

Politics and conflicts hinder work and socialization. A thin line exists between professional and personal life, needing determination and patience.

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Lack of Social Life

Seafarers face confined spaces and negligible social interaction, leading to frustration, loneliness, and homesickness.

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Away from the Family

Seafarers face separation from family for months, missing life events, causing emotional distress.

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Health Issues

Health requirements are stringent, but life at sea is unhealthy due to erratic schedules, stress, poor environment, and inadequate facilities.

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Reducing shore leaves

Reduced shore leaves due to faster turnaround times and maintenance, limiting exploration.

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Special needs of seafaring jobs

The shipping industry includes technical, practical, physical, emotional and psychological demands.

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Technical Needs or Demands

Learn vessel operations, navigation, and cargo care. Increase technical expertise throughout the ranks.

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Practical Needs or Demands

Carry practical tasks and operations. Follow safety precautions and procedures. Work is interrelated, affecting others.

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Physical Needs or Demands

Face irregular hours, 9 months at sea, confined spaces. Maintain physical and mental health.

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Emotional Needs or Demands

Deal with loneliness, missing special occasions, limited companions, and needing to get along with everyone.

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Psychological Needs or Demands

Lack colleagues, changeable environments, realistic expectations, multitasking, and working under a hierarchy.

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Developing Multi Cultural Respect

Respect cultures, be open to values/systems, clear exams, teamwork, and appreciate working towards common goals.

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Unfit International Standards

Must be free from AIDS , enteritis, hepatitis, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases.

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Remedies to keep fit

Follow these tips: balance work/rest, appropriate clothing, healthy food, habits, avoid bad eateries, sleep well, exercise, happiness.

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Air Travel Terms

Air travels includes aisle, baggage area, boarding pass, cockpit, flight, attendant, lavatory, ticker counter...

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Air Travel Dos

Be polite, ask if unsure, sit correctly, avoid alcohol, don't rush exits, no smoking.

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Air Travel Don'ts

Avoid sharp objects, liquids, unlabeled food, explosives, and misbehaving.

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Definition of Attitude

Attitude is an evaluative statement or judgement of an individual.

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Ways to Maintain a Positive Attitude

Live in present, be grateful, set goals, laugh, eliminate negativity.

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Work Ethos

Work ethos is behavior and values in work for team work.

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Interpersonal Relationships Importance

For friendship, support, health, appreciation, social needs, problem-solving, and advice.

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Healthy Interpersonal Relationships Requirements

Effective relationships need positive atmosphere, freedom, trust, and professionalism.

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Encourage Feedback

Show trust and faith, assess and appresciate co-worker work.

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Important Aspects for Onboard Relationships

Acknowledge the Chain of Command, be concern about others, be a good listener...

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Need for Organized Structure

Maritime jobs needs organised hierarchical structure in the shipping industry with complex management.

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Common Company Structures

They can have a fleet personnel, a technical management, commercial and safety, security or quality.

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Fleet Personnel Department (Shore)

Select, recruit, train staff, enforce policies, led by an executive.

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Designated Person Ashore (DPA)

Designated Person Ashore: ensures safety, quality, and communications.

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Chief of HSQE department

It aims to have a quality control where the maritime organisation is better.

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The crew

It needs to have skilled personnel.

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Ship Departments

Ship: deck, engine, and catering.

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Master

Master is the captain or highest responsible.

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Chief mate

1st officer is responsible for operations and the stability of the ship.

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Second mate

2nd officer maintains a navigating watch and planning the passage.

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Third Mate

3rd officer deals to equipment but in the name oh all.

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Deck cadet

A deck does work and has a training on all aspect of a ship.

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Bosun

Bosun has experience and know all the ropes of a ship.

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Chief engineers

1st engineer oversee the engine department.

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Second mate

2nd officer maintains a ship the correct way.

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Third engineers

3th officer manages auxiliary and fuel for fuel and other systems.

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Chief cook

Chief is the lead of all equipment and foods.

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Chief steward

The chief steward it looks after a high quality to it.

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SS Loyalty

SS Loyalty was the first ship of Scindia Steam Navigation Company

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Role of shipping

It has a big maritime and it is for the economy.

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Study Notes

Human Factors in Maritime Safety

  • Human error causes 80% of marine accidents worldwide.
  • The maritime transport system is 25 times riskier than air transport, based on deaths per 100 km.
  • Intensification of sea trade over the last ten years has increased ship safety risks.
  • Human factors include fatigue, morale, motivation, loyalty, training, and certification standards.
  • They also include experience, conditions of service, environment, language, and management policies.
  • Deck officer error accounts for 25% of major P&I claims. Crew error accounts for 17%.

Demands of a Seafaring Career

  • Seafaring careers demand technical, practical, physical, emotional, and psychological resilience.

Nature of the Job at Sea: Positive Aspects

  • Seafaring offers the chance to travel to new places and meet diverse people.
  • Merchant navy jobs offer competitive pay scales compliant with IMO and ILO laws.
  • The adventurous nature of life at sea is not suited to those seeking nine-to-five jobs.
  • Working at sea promotes teamwork as well as professionalism and good communication skills.
  • Merchant marine careers offer opportunities to work with people from different backgrounds.

Nature of the Job at Sea: Negative Aspects

  • Stringent maritime regulations and safety measures are increasingly hectic and monotonous.
  • Onboard politics and conflicts can make working and socializing difficult, and dealing with difficult people on board ships requires patience and determination.
  • Extended time in confined spaces causes frustration, loneliness, and homesickness.
  • Separation from family can be difficult.
  • Erratic sleep schedules, high stress, poor food, and inadequate facilities affects health.
  • Reduced shore leaves limit time off in ports.
  • Stringent maritime laws place maritime professionals under constant stress.

Special Needs of Seafaring

  • Technical needs involve vessel operation, maintenance, navigation, and cargo care expertise.
  • Practical needs involve manual tasks, safety precautions, strict procedures, and recognizing the interconnectedness across jobs.
  • Physical needs encompass irregular hours, fitness, and confined workspaces.
  • Emotional needs includes battling loneliness, missing family events, and limited choice of companions.
  • Psychological needs includes adapting to changing environments, working under hierarchy, and developing cross-cultural respect.

Physical Fitness and Health Requirements

  • Medical unfitness may result from AIDS, enteritis, hepatitis, or tuberculosis.
  • Typhoid, malaria, scabies, lice, and other infectious diseases could cause medical unfitness.
  • Minimum vision standards for deck officers: 6/6 in one eye and 6/9 in the other, plus normal color vision.
  • Engine room crew vision standards: 0.5 (6/12) in each eye or 0.67 (6/9) in the better eye and 0.33 (6/18) in the other.
  • Seafarers must pass a hearing test that involves the ability to hear a whisper at 5 mtrs on each side

Good Health on Ships

  • Balance work, rest, and active play.
  • Manage humidity and heat to prevent heat stroke.
  • Protect from extreme cold to prevent frostbite.
  • Avoid inhaling gases or fumes to prevent headaches and illness.
  • Eat well avoid scurvy, and avoid obesity with exercise.

Remedies to Keep Fit

  • Wear appropriate clothing for weather conditions.
  • Eat healthy food and develop proper eating habits.
  • Avoid unsavory eateries.
  • Get enough sleep.
  • Exercise, be active and be happy

Air Travel Arrangements

  • Sharp objects and liquids should not be brought onboard
  • Follow the rules and instructions from staff

Attitude

  • Attitude evaluates objects, people, or events and their relationship to one’s feelings.
  • A positive attitude allows one to evaluate and judge others or a situation
  • To maintain a positive attitude, live in the present, be grateful, set realistic goals, find laughter, and eliminate bad thoughts.
  • Work ethos combines behavior and values.
  • Work ethics creates a healthy work environment and reduces stress.

To maintaining a conducive work ethos, maintain relationships, trust people, exercise understanding, and check operations are in compliance with safety procedures

Anger Management

  • Anger involves a psychological interpretation of offense and a tendency to retaliate.
  • Irresponsible anger can harm relationships and health.
  • Causes of anger: experiencing abuse, mismanaged stress, learned emotional suppression, low self-esteem, sleeplessness, failure, and difficulty compromising.
  • Anger cues: stomach knots, jaw clenching, flushing, rapid breathing, headaches, pacing, trouble concentrating, pounding heart, and tense shoulders.
  • Anger management involves dealing with and controlling anger without jeopardizing health.
  • To deal with anger, relax, analyze triggers, live each day to its fullest, use a support network, and forgive.

Handling Anger

  • Pause, take deep breaths, and tell yourself that you can handle the situation. Stop negative thoughts.
  • Seeking professional care from therapist or in classes with others can help

Building Relationships

  • A conducive work ethos includes the behavior and values in a workplace. It helps people to work together as a team.
  • Maintain high self esteem and high regard for everyone
  • Maintain effective interpersonal relationships, cooperation, safety compliance, work pressure, and respect.

Building Ship Board Relationships

  • Relationships should not be fully informal, as hierarchical systems must be followed.
  • Acknowledge a chain of command, set limits, and talk to the person about the issue to avoid misunderstandings.
  • Good listening skills can help, and feelings of hostility should be managed and assessed.

Structured Departments On Ships

  • The shipping industry is globalized, so ships may be flagged, managed, and crewed by various nations.
  • Organisational structures are split between: company, ship and the organizational structures that are employed.
  • Fleet personnel departments handles manning, recruitment, and training.
  • Technical departments manage maintenance and cost control.
  • Commercial departments deal with shipping aspects like chartering.
  • Quality management ensures safety and appropriate onboard procedures.
  • The Designated Person Ashore links ship staff to onshore management for safety.
  • The Master are at the apex, the chief officer, saloon and engine dept

Hierarchy of Ratings

  • The deck department includes boatswain, welder/fitter, able-bodied seaman, ordinary seaman and trainee OS

Indian Maritime History and Development

  • Factors that make up: ancient martitime history, “SS LOYALTY“, and Scindia Steam Navigation Company, significance, of National Maritime day and the economic development
  • India's long coastline is 7517 km
  • The country's inland waterways is 14426 km.
  • Indian ranked 15th in total shipping tonnage in 2011
  • There are approximately 31 major shippng industries
  • Port Mumbai covers half of all imported goods
  • It is also the largest in Indian with more thann 1158 ships
  • It is 16th ranked globally.
  • There are approximately 200 main ports in India.
  • India has 12 major ports that was expanded in terms of investments
  • Almost 95% of transportation is controlled by major shipping industries
  • In 2011 was 1213 in fleet size then is grew to 1385 in 2018

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