Maritime Law Article 4 Quiz

Study Notes

Violations of the Convention's requirements are prohibited, with sanctions established under the ship's Administration law.
If sufficient evidence is available, the Administration must initiate proceedings promptly according to its regulations.
Violations within a Party's jurisdiction also incur prohibitions and sanctions, with procedures established in accordance with Party law.
The Party may either initiate proceedings or provide evidence of the violation to the ship's Administration.
Administrations must inform the Party providing evidence of actions taken regarding reported violations.
Penalties set by Party law must be severe enough to deter violations and apply uniformly, regardless of location.

Aims to enhance the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73) for marine environment protection.
Emphasizes improving prevention and control of marine pollution, particularly from oil tankers.
Annex I regulations on oil pollution prevention must be implemented promptly, while application of Annex II is deferred until technical issues are resolved.

Parties must effectively implement the Protocol and its Annex as an integral part of the existing MARPOL Convention.
The Convention and Protocol are to be interpreted together as a unified instrument.

Oil tankers with 150 gross tons or more and other ships with 400 gross tons or more require mandatory surveys:
- Initial surveys before the ship's service or certificate issuance to ensure full compliance with Annex requirements.
- Periodical surveys not exceeding five years to verify ongoing compliance.
- At least one intermediate survey during the certificate's validity to check key equipment systems.
Accidents or defects affecting ship integrity must be reported immediately to relevant authorities, including port State authorities if applicable.

An International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate is mandatory for qualifying oil tankers and ships engaged in international voyages.
Certificates are issued following a survey based on regulations and must be authorized by the ship's Administration.
A Party's government may conduct a survey at the Administration's request, issuing certificates as per Annex compliance.
Certificates must include a translation if not issued in English or French.

Certificates are valid for a maximum period of five years, subject to Administration specifications.
Special provisions exist for oil tankers with dedicated clean ballast tanks regarding certificate validity duration.

Begin chest compressions immediately if no heartbeat is detected, as brain death can occur within 4 to 6 minutes.
The casualty should be positioned on their back on a hard surface to ensure effective compressions.
Perform 100 compressions per minute at a depth of about 4 cm on the lower half of the breastbone.
Combine chest compressions with artificial respiration; the preferred ratio is 5 compressions to 1 breath.
Signs of heart recovery include improved lip and face color, and constricted pupils.

Use proper insulation and techniques when dealing with electric shock to avoid further injury.
Check for breathing and heartbeat after an electric shock; if absent, begin artificial respiration and chest compressions.
For burns, cool burned areas and apply a clean, dry covering. Remove contaminated clothing and wash thoroughly if chemicals are involved.
For chemical splashes, prioritize eye washing if affected; if only one eye is involved, tilt the head to prevent cross-contamination.

Asphyxia can arise from exposure to gases or smoke; recognize that some gases may be odorless.
Move the casualty to fresh air and provide artificial respiration if breathing stops.
Monitor for breathing restoration and place the victim in an unconscious position if they regain consciousness.

Choking often results from food blockage; the victim cannot speak or breathe, turning blue quickly.
Recognize the ‘Heimlich sign’ (grasping the neck) as a distress signal.
Administer back slaps and abdominal thrusts in series until the obstruction is dislodged.
If unconscious, place the victim face upwards, ensuring an open airway, and administer upward thrusts to remove the blockage.

Internal bleeding from abdominal injuries is severe, often concealed and requires urgent medical attention.
Symptoms include a rising pulse rate and signs of shock; use head-down tilt for the patient.
Monitor and record pulse rates; a decrease may suggest bleeding has ceased.
For coughing up blood, rest the patient with head and shoulders elevated, and provide care similar to that for internal bleeding.

Suspect fractures in individuals who have fallen from heights over 2 meters.
Instruct the casualty to remain still; movement can further damage the spine.
Assess symptoms like tingling or inability to move toes to check for spinal cord pressure.
Gentle rolling is permitted to position the casualty, minimizing spinal movement.