Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the primary purpose of the caravel during the 15th to 17th centuries?
What was the primary purpose of the caravel during the 15th to 17th centuries?
Who was responsible for promoting navigation studies and directing exploration along the western coast of Africa?
Who was responsible for promoting navigation studies and directing exploration along the western coast of Africa?
Which explorer led the first naval expedition from Europe to India?
Which explorer led the first naval expedition from Europe to India?
What characterizes a trading post empire as practiced by Europeans in the Indian Ocean?
What characterizes a trading post empire as practiced by Europeans in the Indian Ocean?
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What was a significant result of the Columbian Exchange?
What was a significant result of the Columbian Exchange?
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What was the primary cause of the Great Dying among indigenous peoples in the Americas?
What was the primary cause of the Great Dying among indigenous peoples in the Americas?
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Which system allowed the Spanish to exploit indigenous labor in the Americas for silver mining?
Which system allowed the Spanish to exploit indigenous labor in the Americas for silver mining?
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What is the definition of chattel slavery?
What is the definition of chattel slavery?
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Which of the following best describes casta paintings?
Which of the following best describes casta paintings?
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Which term describes individuals of mixed European and Native American ancestry in Spanish colonial society?
Which term describes individuals of mixed European and Native American ancestry in Spanish colonial society?
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What type of economic model were joint-stock companies based on?
What type of economic model were joint-stock companies based on?
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What was the significance of haciendas in colonial Latin America?
What was the significance of haciendas in colonial Latin America?
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Which of the following religions emerged as a blend of African traditions and Roman Catholic beliefs in the Americas?
Which of the following religions emerged as a blend of African traditions and Roman Catholic beliefs in the Americas?
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What was the primary function of the encomienda system in Spanish colonies?
What was the primary function of the encomienda system in Spanish colonies?
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After 1800, which groups primarily comprised the majority of indentured laborers?
After 1800, which groups primarily comprised the majority of indentured laborers?
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Study Notes
Maritime Exploration and Trade
- Caravel: Small, highly maneuverable ship used by Portuguese and Spanish for Atlantic exploration (15th-17th centuries). Primarily used for voyages, not trade.
- Carrack: Large merchant ship used in European waters (especially by Portuguese) for trade (14th-17th centuries).
- Fluyt: Dutch sailing vessel optimized for cargo capacity and crew efficiency, controlling Baltic trade (16th-17th centuries).
Key Explorers and Navigators
- Henry the Navigator: Portuguese prince (1394-1460). Promoted navigation studies and directed African exploration voyages, seeking an all-water route to Asia. Sponsored slave trade.
- Vasco da Gama: Portuguese explorer who led the first naval expedition to India (1497-1498), establishing a sea route for European trade.
- Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese navigator who led the first circumnavigation of the globe (1519-1522) for Spain.
- Christopher Columbus: Italian navigator who "discovered" the Americas for Spain (1492), sailing to the West in search of Asia.
Colonial Empires and Economic Systems
- Trading Post Empire: Form of empire focused on control of trade routes, not conquering land (used by Europeans in the Indian Ocean).
- Mercantilism: Economic system (16th-19th centuries) aiming to maximize national wealth through accumulating gold/silver and exporting more than importing; colonies were integral.
- Joint-Stock Company: Groups of investors pooling money to finance exploration and trade (e.g., British East India Company, Dutch East India Company).
- Royal Chartered Monopoly Companies: Joint-stock companies granted exclusive trade rights by European monarchs.
Impacts of European Expansion
- Columbian Exchange: Global exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies after Columbus' voyages.
- The Great Dying: Devastating impact of European diseases (smallpox, measles) on the indigenous populations of the Americas. High death tolls (50-90%).
- Chattel Slavery: Absolute ownership of people, often hereditary, used in the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade.
- Mita System: Inca labor tax system, later exploited by the Spanish to extract silver.
- Indentured Servitude: Workers bound to work for a set period in exchange for passage to the New World; mainly Europeans before 1800, then Asians.
- Encomienda System: Grant of land and labor from Spain to settlers in the Americas.
- Hacienda: Large Spanish estates in the Americas, often plantations, acting as a form of feudalistic land ownership.
Syncretic Religious Practices
- Vodun/Vodoo: African animist traditions blended with Roman Catholicism in the New World.
- Santeria: Blend of African traditions and Roman Catholic beliefs in Cuba.
Social Hierarchy and Racial Mixing
- Casta Paintings: Spanish commissioned paintings depicting racial mixing in the New World.
- Mestizo: People of mixed Native American and European descent.
- Mulatto: People of mixed African and European descent.
- Creoles: Descendants of European colonists born in the Americas.
- Peninsulares: Span-born people colonizing Latin America; highest social rank.
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Description
Test your knowledge on maritime exploration and trade during the 15th to 17th centuries. Discover the key ships, explorers, and the impact of their journeys on global trade. Understand the significance of figures like Vasco da Gama and Ferdinand Magellan in this thrilling era of exploration.
