Map of Europe 1400 to 1600

Holy Roman Empire

• A loose federation of mostly German states and principalities.
• Headed by an emperor elected by princes.
• Existed from 962 until 1806.

Flanders

• A region containing parts of modern-day northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.
• Became an essential industrial and financial center of northern Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance.

England

• Known as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution.
• A key player in European history throughout the ages.

The Ottoman Empire

• Once part of the Roman/Byzantine legacy which migrated to Italy, aiding the Renaissance.
• Disintegration during the Age of Revolutions led to Serbia, Greece, and others achieving independence.
• Ancient Greek culture contrasts with the modern nation-state of Greece.

Italian City States

• Italy was not yet unified; consisted of various states.
• Included the Kingdom of Naples, Papal States, Republic of Florence, Duchy of Ferrara, Republic of Genoa, and Republic of Venetia.
• Represented diverse economic, political, and cultural centers in the region.

The Holy Land

• Historical site of many Crusades (11th-13th centuries).
• Trade and ideas from this region enriched Europe, introducing Arabic numerals, the concept of zero, and advancements like the astrolabe.
• Influenced the development of experimental science and the Scientific method.

The Reconquista

• Concluded in 1492 with King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella defeating the last Islamic Kingdom in Spain.
• Resulted in the expulsion of Jews and facilitated direct trade routes to Asia.
• Associated with colonialism and forced conversions in Latin America, linked to the Jesuits' educational efforts.
• Notable for the failed 1588 Spanish Armada attempt to invade Protestant England.

France

• A significant European nation with a rich history.
• Continues to play an important role in global affairs.

The Atlantic Ocean

• Christopher Columbus crossed this ocean in 1492, marking the beginning of significant exploration.
• Led to European wealth, colonization of the Americas, and longstanding racial, ethnic, and economic divisions.
• Initiated the Columbian Exchange, influencing diets and economies globally, and brought serious consequences like genocide and disease.