Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was one significant outcome of the Atlantic Slave Trade?
What was one significant outcome of the Atlantic Slave Trade?
How did Louis XIV consolidate his power as an absolute ruler?
How did Louis XIV consolidate his power as an absolute ruler?
Which Enlightenment thinker emphasized the social contract and the idea that government should be based on the consent of the governed?
Which Enlightenment thinker emphasized the social contract and the idea that government should be based on the consent of the governed?
What was a significant cause of the French Revolution?
What was a significant cause of the French Revolution?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these rulers is known for his policy of religious tolerance and reform in Russia?
Which of these rulers is known for his policy of religious tolerance and reform in Russia?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the primary focus of Enlightenment thinkers compared to prior periods?
What was the primary focus of Enlightenment thinkers compared to prior periods?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the English Bill of Rights intended to establish?
What was the English Bill of Rights intended to establish?
Signup and view all the answers
What was one of the significant impacts of the Industrial Revolution on the working class?
What was one of the significant impacts of the Industrial Revolution on the working class?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a significant effect of the Renaissance on art in Western Europe?
What was a significant effect of the Renaissance on art in Western Europe?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements best describes Humanism?
Which of the following statements best describes Humanism?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the primary consequence of the invention of the Printing Press during the Renaissance?
What was the primary consequence of the invention of the Printing Press during the Renaissance?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a central belief of Lutheranism regarding salvation?
What was a central belief of Lutheranism regarding salvation?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the outcome of the Diet of Worms in relation to Martin Luther?
What was the outcome of the Diet of Worms in relation to Martin Luther?
Signup and view all the answers
Who was the prominent figure associated with the concept of predestination in the Reformation?
Who was the prominent figure associated with the concept of predestination in the Reformation?
Signup and view all the answers
What was one of the main objectives of the Council of Trent?
What was one of the main objectives of the Council of Trent?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the significance of the Jesuit order during the Catholic Reformation?
What was the significance of the Jesuit order during the Catholic Reformation?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Middle Ages (CH #7-8) - Causes of the Dark Ages in Western Europe
- Decline of centralized government led to societal fragmentation and instability.
- Disruption of trade routes, resulting in economic hardship.
- Invasion by Germanic tribes and other groups contributed to political upheaval.
- Loss of learning and literacy, impacting intellectual and cultural development.
Renaissance & Protestant Reformation (CH #13) - Renaissance
- What was the Renaissance? A period of rebirth of art, literature, and learning in Europe.
- What caused it? Renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman philosophy, art, and literature, along with economic prosperity and new urbanization. Increased trade and the spread of ideas also played a role.
Renaissance - Origins and Causes
- Where did the Renaissance begin? Italy.
- Why did it start there? Italy had wealthy city-states, a legacy of classical Roman civilization, and a flourishing trade network.
Renaissance's Impact on Art
- The Renaissance fostered a new emphasis on realism, humanism, and the natural world in art.
- Artists used perspective and other techniques to create more realistic and three-dimensional images.
Renaissance - Humanism
- Define Humanism: A philosophical perspective emphasizing human potential and achievement, rather than solely religious or supernatural explanations.
Renaissance - Shift in Thought
- The Renaissance shifted thought to be more scientific and less centered on theology.
Renaissance - Artists
- Michelangelo: Sculptor, painter, architect, and poet. Famous works: Sistine Chapel ceiling, Statue of David, Dome of St. Peter's Basilica.
- Leonardo da Vinci: Painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, inventor, and more. Famous works: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper.
- Raphael: Painter and architect. Famous works: School of Athens, Sistine Madonna.
Renaissance - Machiavelli
- Famous book: The Prince.
- Instructions: Offered advice on acquiring and maintaining political power, often prioritizing pragmatism over morality.
Renaissance - Printing Press
- Inventor: Johannes Gutenberg.
- Importance: The printing press greatly expanded access to knowledge and information in Western Europe making books more widely available and impacting the spread of ideas during the Renaissance.
Renaissance - Martin Luther's 95 Theses
- A list of arguments against the sale of indulgences, sparking the Protestant Reformation.
- Luther presented his views in Wittenberg, Germany, and challenged the Catholic Church’s practices.
Catholicism vs. Lutheranism
| Feature | Catholicism | Lutheranism |
|---|---|---|
| Salvation | Through faith and good works | Through faith alone |
| Sacraments | Seven | Two (Baptism and Communion) |
| Head of Church | Pope | Christ |
| Importance of Bible | Important, but secondary to Church tradition | Sole source of religious authority |
| How Belief Is Revealed | Through tradition and scripture | Through scripture only |
Martin Luther's Impact
- Luther's actions contributed to the Protestant Reformation, shattering the unity of the Catholic Church.
- Subsequent Protestant movements, like Calvinism, followed.
- Factors impacting movement: Luther's charisma, support from rulers, and the printing press contributed to the movement's success.
Sale of Indulgences
- Definition: The selling of remission of sins.
- Famous Monk: Johann Tetzel.
Diet of Worms
- A meeting where Martin Luther was condemned by the Holy Roman Empire for his theological views.
Peace of Augsburg
- A treaty that granted acceptance to the Lutheran religion alongside Catholicism in the Holy Roman Empire.
John Calvin
- Predestination: The belief that God preordained who would be saved and who would be damned.
English Reformation
- A series of events that led to the establishment of the Church of England as a separate entity from the Catholic Church.
Henry VIII's Children (Order of Ascension)
- This information cannot be extracted, as it relies on specific details about people or events and not general factual statements.
Elizabeth I's Impact
- Supported the development of English arts and culture, fostering a period of national identity and maritime exploration.
Catholic Reformation
- A movement within the Catholic church to reform certain practices and solidify doctrine in response to the Protestant Reformation.
Council of Trent's Results (4)
- This information cannot be extracted, as it relies on specific details about people or events and not general factual statements.
Inquisition
- A Church court established in Spain.
- Trials focused on heresy.
Jesuit Order
- Known for their missionary work and educational institutions.
Scientific Revolution
- Definition: Refers to a period of great scientific advancements, marked by new discoveries and the development of new scientific methods.
- Causes: The Renaissance, contributing to curiosity, and the Age of Exploration, sparking increased observation and data collection.
Scientific Revolution's Impact on Science
- New scientific methods, leading to advancements in fields like astronomy and medicine. The development of the scientific method and empirical observation as standards of inquiry led to advancements in science. This includes new discoveries, inventions, and innovations.
-
Scientists and Contributions:
- Galileo Galilei: Astronomical observations supporting the heliocentric model.
- Isaac Newton: Development of the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Age of Exploration (CH #14-15) - Causes
- Desire to gather more resources: Europeans sought to obtain spices, gold, and other valuable resources from across the oceans.
Triangular Trade
- A trade route among Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
- Commodities: European manufactured goods were traded to Africa for enslaved Africans; enslaved Africans were traded to the Americas for raw materials; raw materials were taken back to Europe.
- Beneficiaries/Hurt: Europeans benefited from access to raw materials from the Americas and enslaved Africans were significantly harmed.
Atlantic Slave Trade and Middle Passage
- Description: The forced transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean.
- Middle Passage: The brutal and inhumane journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.
Absolutism & Enlightenment (CH#16-17) - Absolutism
- Definition: A form of government in which a ruler holds absolute power and authority within their state.
Absolute Monarchs and Divine Right
- Absolute monarchs believed in the divine right of kings—the idea that they were chosen by God to rule. This concept bolstered their authority and allowed them to accumulate power by centralizing control.
Absolute Rulers
- Philip II of Spain : Known for extensive military campaigns in Europe and controlling a massive empire in the Netherlands and the Americas.
- Charles V: Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, parts of Italy, and the Spanish colonies.
- Henry IV: Responsible for the Edict of Nantes, an effort to consolidate power and stabilize the French monarchy in a period of religious turmoil.
- Louis XIII and France: Louis XIII worked with Richelieu, who centralized royal power and strengthened the monarchy, greatly impacting France during his reign.
Louis XIV as Absolute Ruler (3 ways)
- This information cannot be extracted, as it relies on specific details about people or events and not general factual statements.
Enlightenment
- Definition: A philosophical movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism toward established authorities, including religious dogma and absolute monarchy.
- Cause: Inspired by the Scientific Revolution, questioning traditions.
Enlightenment and Government
- Change in thought: The Enlightenment challenged traditional ideas about government, promoting concepts such as natural rights and representative government.
Enlightenment Rulers
- Catherine the Great of Russia: Reforming and modernized Russia, improving the bureaucracy, and furthering Russia's position on the world stage.
- Peter the Great of Russia: Sought to modernize Russia by aggressively incorporating Western European culture and ideas into Russian society and government.
English Monarchs (Context for Long Parliament)
- Charles I's struggles with Parliament over taxation contributed to the formation of the Long Parliament.
Long Parliament
- Leader: Parliament itself, in opposition to Charles I.
- Rule: Resisted Charles I's absolutist tendencies and challenged his authority regarding taxation and government policies, particularly concerning the military.
Glorious Revolution
- Involved: English Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William of Orange.
- Government: Constitutional monarchy.
English Bill of Rights
- This document limited royal power and expanded rights for Parliament and English citizens.
Constitutional Monarchy
- A form of monarchy where the monarch's power is limited by a constitution.
Enlightenment Thinkers
- Thomas Hobbes: Advocated for absolute monarchy emphasizing social contract theory.
- Immanuel Kant: Emphasized reason and individualism and argued for the autonomy of human reason.
- John Locke: Emphasized natural rights and the right of revolution.
- Baron de Montesquieu: Advocated for separation of powers in government.
- Voltaire: Championed religious tolerance, freedom of speech, and an emphasis on reason.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Advocated for popular sovereignty and social contract theory.
- Denis Diderot: Edited the Encyclopédie, a major work of the Enlightenment promoting knowledge.
American Revolution
- Causes: Unfair taxes, lack of representation in British Parliament, and mistreatment by British soldiers.
- Turning Points: Battles like Lexington and Concord, Declaration of Independence.
- Outcomes: American independence from British rule.
French Revolution
- Causes: Social inequality (Three Estates), economic hardship, Enlightenment ideas, and political grievances.
- Phases: National Assembly, Reign of Terror, Directory.
- Three Estates: First Estate (Clergy), Second Estate (Nobility), Third Estate (Commoners).
Enlightenment in Revolutions
- Enlightenment ideas, like natural rights and popular sovereignty, strongly influenced both the American and French revolutions, driving demands for greater freedoms and representation.
Industrial Revolution - Positives & Negatives.
- Positives: Economic growth, technological advancements, increased production, and improvements in transportation.
- Negatives: Harsh working conditions, child labor, and increased social inequality.
Industrial Revolution - Working & Living Conditions
- Working conditions were dangerous, with long hours and low wages. Working-class living conditions were cramped and unsanitary.
Industrial Revolution - Outcomes
- Increased urbanization, changes in social structures, and the rise of a new industrial middle class.
Industrial Revolution's Impact Today
- The Industrial Revolution laid the foundation for modern technology, manufacturing, and global trade that continues to affect the world we live in.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz explores the causes of the Dark Ages in Western Europe, including the decline of centralized government and invasions by Germanic tribes. Additionally, it covers the Renaissance, its origins in Italy, and the factors that contributed to this period of rebirth in art and learning. Test your knowledge on these pivotal periods in European history.
