Middle Ages & Renaissance (CH #7-13)

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Questions and Answers

What was one significant outcome of the Atlantic Slave Trade?

  • The economic prosperity in the Americas without repercussions
  • The significant population decline in Africa (correct)
  • The increase in European agricultural productivity
  • The establishment of trade relationships without conflict

How did Louis XIV consolidate his power as an absolute ruler?

  • By establishing a strong military but ignoring diplomatic relations
  • By promoting religious tolerance among different faiths
  • By centralizing political power and diminishing the role of nobles (correct)
  • By increasing the independence of local governments

Which Enlightenment thinker emphasized the social contract and the idea that government should be based on the consent of the governed?

  • Voltaire
  • Baron De Montesquieu
  • John Locke (correct)
  • Thomas Hobbes

What was a significant cause of the French Revolution?

<p>Dissatisfaction with the financial system and heavy taxation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these rulers is known for his policy of religious tolerance and reform in Russia?

<p>Catherine the Great (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Enlightenment thinkers compared to prior periods?

<p>Human reason and individual rights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the English Bill of Rights intended to establish?

<p>A system of government that limited the powers of the monarchy and promoted Parliamentary sovereignty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the significant impacts of the Industrial Revolution on the working class?

<p>Severe deterioration of working and living conditions in urban areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant effect of the Renaissance on art in Western Europe?

<p>Art started to incorporate more scientific principles and individualism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes Humanism?

<p>A movement focused on classical texts and human potential. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary consequence of the invention of the Printing Press during the Renaissance?

<p>The spread of information was greatly accelerated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a central belief of Lutheranism regarding salvation?

<p>Salvation is a gift from God received through faith. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Diet of Worms in relation to Martin Luther?

<p>Luther was excommunicated from the Church. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the prominent figure associated with the concept of predestination in the Reformation?

<p>John Calvin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main objectives of the Council of Trent?

<p>To respond to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Jesuit order during the Catholic Reformation?

<p>They were known for their educational and missionary activities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Absolutism

A form of government where the monarch has absolute power and is not subject to any limitations or checks.

Absolute Monarchs

European monarchs who claimed to rule by divine right, meaning God had chosen them to be king or queen.

Divine Right

The belief that monarchs were appointed by God to rule and their authority was unquestionable.

The Enlightenment

A period of intellectual and cultural transformation in the 18th century that emphasized reason, logic, and human rights. It challenged traditional authorities and promoted new ideas about government, science, and society.

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Constitutional Monarchy

A system of government where the ruler's power is limited by a constitution and laws, and people have certain rights protected by law.

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English Bill of Rights

A document that lays out basic rights and freedoms for citizens and limits the power of the government.

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The Glorious Revolution

A series of events in England that led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. It involved the overthrow of King James II and the installation of William and Mary of Orange.

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The Long Parliament

A period of prolonged political unrest in England that began in 1640 and lasted until 1660. It led to the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth.

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What are the causes of the Dark Ages in Western Europe?

A period of decline in Western Europe following the fall of the Roman Empire, marked by instability, population decline, and a loss of learning and culture.

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What was the Renaissance?

A period of cultural and intellectual rebirth in Europe following the Middle Ages, characterized by a renewed interest in classical art, literature, and philosophy.

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Define Humanism.

A philosophical and cultural movement that emphasized human potential, reason, and individual achievement during the Renaissance.

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What was the Protestant Reformation?

A movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and emphasized individual interpretation of the Bible, leading to the establishment of new Protestant denominations.

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Define Predestination.

The belief that God has predetermined the salvation or damnation of each person before they are born, leaving no room for free will.

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What was the Scientific Revolution?

A period of rapid scientific advancements and discoveries during the 16th and 17th centuries, driven by reason, observation, and experimentation, which challenged established scientific theories and beliefs.

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What was the Triangular Trade?

A system of trade that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the Age of Exploration, involving the exchange of goods, slaves, and raw materials.

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What are the consequences of the sale of indulgences?

The practice of using money to purchase indulgences, which were certificates that supposedly reduced the time a person would spend in purgatory. This practice was challenged by Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation.

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Study Notes

Middle Ages (CH #7-8) - Causes of the Dark Ages in Western Europe

  • Decline of centralized government led to societal fragmentation and instability.
  • Disruption of trade routes, resulting in economic hardship.
  • Invasion by Germanic tribes and other groups contributed to political upheaval.
  • Loss of learning and literacy, impacting intellectual and cultural development.

Renaissance & Protestant Reformation (CH #13) - Renaissance

  • What was the Renaissance? A period of rebirth of art, literature, and learning in Europe.
  • What caused it? Renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman philosophy, art, and literature, along with economic prosperity and new urbanization. Increased trade and the spread of ideas also played a role.

Renaissance - Origins and Causes

  • Where did the Renaissance begin? Italy.
  • Why did it start there? Italy had wealthy city-states, a legacy of classical Roman civilization, and a flourishing trade network.

Renaissance's Impact on Art

  • The Renaissance fostered a new emphasis on realism, humanism, and the natural world in art.
  • Artists used perspective and other techniques to create more realistic and three-dimensional images.

Renaissance - Humanism

  • Define Humanism: A philosophical perspective emphasizing human potential and achievement, rather than solely religious or supernatural explanations.

Renaissance - Shift in Thought

  • The Renaissance shifted thought to be more scientific and less centered on theology.

Renaissance - Artists

  • Michelangelo: Sculptor, painter, architect, and poet. Famous works: Sistine Chapel ceiling, Statue of David, Dome of St. Peter's Basilica.
  • Leonardo da Vinci: Painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, inventor, and more. Famous works: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper.
  • Raphael: Painter and architect. Famous works: School of Athens, Sistine Madonna.

Renaissance - Machiavelli

  • Famous book: The Prince.
  • Instructions: Offered advice on acquiring and maintaining political power, often prioritizing pragmatism over morality.

Renaissance - Printing Press

  • Inventor: Johannes Gutenberg.
  • Importance: The printing press greatly expanded access to knowledge and information in Western Europe making books more widely available and impacting the spread of ideas during the Renaissance.

Renaissance - Martin Luther's 95 Theses

  • A list of arguments against the sale of indulgences, sparking the Protestant Reformation.
  • Luther presented his views in Wittenberg, Germany, and challenged the Catholic Church’s practices.

Catholicism vs. Lutheranism

Feature Catholicism Lutheranism
Salvation Through faith and good works Through faith alone
Sacraments Seven Two (Baptism and Communion)
Head of Church Pope Christ
Importance of Bible Important, but secondary to Church tradition Sole source of religious authority
How Belief Is Revealed Through tradition and scripture Through scripture only

Martin Luther's Impact

  • Luther's actions contributed to the Protestant Reformation, shattering the unity of the Catholic Church.
  • Subsequent Protestant movements, like Calvinism, followed.
  • Factors impacting movement: Luther's charisma, support from rulers, and the printing press contributed to the movement's success.

Sale of Indulgences

  • Definition: The selling of remission of sins.
  • Famous Monk: Johann Tetzel.

Diet of Worms

  • A meeting where Martin Luther was condemned by the Holy Roman Empire for his theological views.

Peace of Augsburg

  • A treaty that granted acceptance to the Lutheran religion alongside Catholicism in the Holy Roman Empire.

John Calvin

  • Predestination: The belief that God preordained who would be saved and who would be damned.

English Reformation

  • A series of events that led to the establishment of the Church of England as a separate entity from the Catholic Church.

Henry VIII's Children (Order of Ascension)

  • This information cannot be extracted, as it relies on specific details about people or events and not general factual statements.

Elizabeth I's Impact

  • Supported the development of English arts and culture, fostering a period of national identity and maritime exploration.

Catholic Reformation

  • A movement within the Catholic church to reform certain practices and solidify doctrine in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Council of Trent's Results (4)

  • This information cannot be extracted, as it relies on specific details about people or events and not general factual statements.

Inquisition

  • A Church court established in Spain.
  • Trials focused on heresy.

Jesuit Order

  • Known for their missionary work and educational institutions.

Scientific Revolution

  • Definition: Refers to a period of great scientific advancements, marked by new discoveries and the development of new scientific methods.
  • Causes: The Renaissance, contributing to curiosity, and the Age of Exploration, sparking increased observation and data collection.

Scientific Revolution's Impact on Science

  • New scientific methods, leading to advancements in fields like astronomy and medicine. The development of the scientific method and empirical observation as standards of inquiry led to advancements in science. This includes new discoveries, inventions, and innovations.
  • Scientists and Contributions:
    • Galileo Galilei: Astronomical observations supporting the heliocentric model.
    • Isaac Newton: Development of the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Age of Exploration (CH #14-15) - Causes

  • Desire to gather more resources: Europeans sought to obtain spices, gold, and other valuable resources from across the oceans.

Triangular Trade

  • A trade route among Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
  • Commodities: European manufactured goods were traded to Africa for enslaved Africans; enslaved Africans were traded to the Americas for raw materials; raw materials were taken back to Europe.
  • Beneficiaries/Hurt: Europeans benefited from access to raw materials from the Americas and enslaved Africans were significantly harmed.

Atlantic Slave Trade and Middle Passage

  • Description: The forced transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Middle Passage: The brutal and inhumane journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.

Absolutism & Enlightenment (CH#16-17) - Absolutism

  • Definition: A form of government in which a ruler holds absolute power and authority within their state.

Absolute Monarchs and Divine Right

  • Absolute monarchs believed in the divine right of kings—the idea that they were chosen by God to rule. This concept bolstered their authority and allowed them to accumulate power by centralizing control.

Absolute Rulers

  • Philip II of Spain : Known for extensive military campaigns in Europe and controlling a massive empire in the Netherlands and the Americas.
  • Charles V: Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, parts of Italy, and the Spanish colonies.
  • Henry IV: Responsible for the Edict of Nantes, an effort to consolidate power and stabilize the French monarchy in a period of religious turmoil.
  • Louis XIII and France: Louis XIII worked with Richelieu, who centralized royal power and strengthened the monarchy, greatly impacting France during his reign.

Louis XIV as Absolute Ruler (3 ways)

  • This information cannot be extracted, as it relies on specific details about people or events and not general factual statements.

Enlightenment

  • Definition: A philosophical movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism toward established authorities, including religious dogma and absolute monarchy.
  • Cause: Inspired by the Scientific Revolution, questioning traditions.

Enlightenment and Government

  • Change in thought: The Enlightenment challenged traditional ideas about government, promoting concepts such as natural rights and representative government.

Enlightenment Rulers

  • Catherine the Great of Russia: Reforming and modernized Russia, improving the bureaucracy, and furthering Russia's position on the world stage.
  • Peter the Great of Russia: Sought to modernize Russia by aggressively incorporating Western European culture and ideas into Russian society and government.

English Monarchs (Context for Long Parliament)

  • Charles I's struggles with Parliament over taxation contributed to the formation of the Long Parliament.

Long Parliament

  • Leader: Parliament itself, in opposition to Charles I.
  • Rule: Resisted Charles I's absolutist tendencies and challenged his authority regarding taxation and government policies, particularly concerning the military.

Glorious Revolution

  • Involved: English Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William of Orange.
  • Government: Constitutional monarchy.

English Bill of Rights

  • This document limited royal power and expanded rights for Parliament and English citizens.

Constitutional Monarchy

  • A form of monarchy where the monarch's power is limited by a constitution.

Enlightenment Thinkers

  • Thomas Hobbes: Advocated for absolute monarchy emphasizing social contract theory.
  • Immanuel Kant: Emphasized reason and individualism and argued for the autonomy of human reason.
  • John Locke: Emphasized natural rights and the right of revolution.
  • Baron de Montesquieu: Advocated for separation of powers in government.
  • Voltaire: Championed religious tolerance, freedom of speech, and an emphasis on reason.
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Advocated for popular sovereignty and social contract theory.
  • Denis Diderot: Edited the Encyclopédie, a major work of the Enlightenment promoting knowledge.

American Revolution

  • Causes: Unfair taxes, lack of representation in British Parliament, and mistreatment by British soldiers.
  • Turning Points: Battles like Lexington and Concord, Declaration of Independence.
  • Outcomes: American independence from British rule.

French Revolution

  • Causes: Social inequality (Three Estates), economic hardship, Enlightenment ideas, and political grievances.
  • Phases: National Assembly, Reign of Terror, Directory.
  • Three Estates: First Estate (Clergy), Second Estate (Nobility), Third Estate (Commoners).

Enlightenment in Revolutions

  • Enlightenment ideas, like natural rights and popular sovereignty, strongly influenced both the American and French revolutions, driving demands for greater freedoms and representation.

Industrial Revolution - Positives & Negatives.

  • Positives: Economic growth, technological advancements, increased production, and improvements in transportation.
  • Negatives: Harsh working conditions, child labor, and increased social inequality.

Industrial Revolution - Working & Living Conditions

  • Working conditions were dangerous, with long hours and low wages. Working-class living conditions were cramped and unsanitary.

Industrial Revolution - Outcomes

  • Increased urbanization, changes in social structures, and the rise of a new industrial middle class.

Industrial Revolution's Impact Today

  • The Industrial Revolution laid the foundation for modern technology, manufacturing, and global trade that continues to affect the world we live in.

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