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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'incipit' refer to in the context of the manuscript?
What does the term 'incipit' refer to in the context of the manuscript?
Which symbol is associated with Saint Luke in the manuscript?
Which symbol is associated with Saint Luke in the manuscript?
What kind of decoration fills the pages of the manuscript?
What kind of decoration fills the pages of the manuscript?
What architectural feature is NOT part of the cruciform plan described?
What architectural feature is NOT part of the cruciform plan described?
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What is the primary material used for the construction of the architecture mentioned?
What is the primary material used for the construction of the architecture mentioned?
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Which characteristic relates to the design of the manuscript's illustrated elements?
Which characteristic relates to the design of the manuscript's illustrated elements?
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What aspect distinguishes the massive architecture described in the content?
What aspect distinguishes the massive architecture described in the content?
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How does the manuscript's page design utilize color contrast?
How does the manuscript's page design utilize color contrast?
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What architectural element primarily reinforces the nave in St. Foy Church?
What architectural element primarily reinforces the nave in St. Foy Church?
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What is the significance of the cruciform plan in pilgrimage churches like St. Foy?
What is the significance of the cruciform plan in pilgrimage churches like St. Foy?
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What was one of the main functions of the radiating chapels in St. Foy Church?
What was one of the main functions of the radiating chapels in St. Foy Church?
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Which feature of St. Foy Church aided in the control of crowds during pilgrimages?
Which feature of St. Foy Church aided in the control of crowds during pilgrimages?
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What does the Last Judgment tympanum represent in the context of St. Foy Church?
What does the Last Judgment tympanum represent in the context of St. Foy Church?
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How does the construction technique of barrel vaults impact the overall design of St. Foy Church?
How does the construction technique of barrel vaults impact the overall design of St. Foy Church?
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Which statement accurately describes the artwork found within St. Foy Church?
Which statement accurately describes the artwork found within St. Foy Church?
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What type of stone and decoration is primarily used in the tympanum of St. Foy Church?
What type of stone and decoration is primarily used in the tympanum of St. Foy Church?
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What does the story emphasize about Harold of England's actions?
What does the story emphasize about Harold of England's actions?
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What is the actual classification of the so-called tapestry?
What is the actual classification of the so-called tapestry?
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Who commissioned the work related to Harold's betrayal and William's conquest?
Who commissioned the work related to Harold's betrayal and William's conquest?
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Which architectural innovation is NOT associated with Chartres Cathedral?
Which architectural innovation is NOT associated with Chartres Cathedral?
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In what time period was Chartres Cathedral reconstructed?
In what time period was Chartres Cathedral reconstructed?
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What was the purpose of the sculptures found in Chartres Cathedral?
What was the purpose of the sculptures found in Chartres Cathedral?
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Which feature differentiates Santa Sabina from Chartres Cathedral?
Which feature differentiates Santa Sabina from Chartres Cathedral?
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What historical structure does the narrative tradition of medieval art connect to?
What historical structure does the narrative tradition of medieval art connect to?
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What is the medium used in the icon depicting the Virgin and Child?
What is the medium used in the icon depicting the Virgin and Child?
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Which of the following saints flank the Virgin in the icon?
Which of the following saints flank the Virgin in the icon?
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What significant site is the Monastery of Saint Catherine built upon?
What significant site is the Monastery of Saint Catherine built upon?
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What title was given to Mary in early representations as a the god-bearer?
What title was given to Mary in early representations as a the god-bearer?
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Which historical figure's reign saw the construction of the Monastery of Saint Catherine?
Which historical figure's reign saw the construction of the Monastery of Saint Catherine?
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What unusual protection was granted to the Monastery of Saint Catherine after the Arab conquest?
What unusual protection was granted to the Monastery of Saint Catherine after the Arab conquest?
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What motif from classical art is evident in the scenes represented in the Vienna Genesis?
What motif from classical art is evident in the scenes represented in the Vienna Genesis?
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What element of the Virgin and Child icon indicates imperial or royal patronage?
What element of the Virgin and Child icon indicates imperial or royal patronage?
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What type of weapon is depicted in the Master of Calamarca's painting?
What type of weapon is depicted in the Master of Calamarca's painting?
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What is a notable feature of the dress depicted in Master of Calamarca's work?
What is a notable feature of the dress depicted in Master of Calamarca's work?
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Which artistic influence is evidenced in the stiff poses and dance-like position of figures in Master of Calamarca's painting?
Which artistic influence is evidenced in the stiff poses and dance-like position of figures in Master of Calamarca's painting?
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What does the inclusion of guns in the painting symbolize?
What does the inclusion of guns in the painting symbolize?
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What does the enconchado technique primarily utilize?
What does the enconchado technique primarily utilize?
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What does the feathered hat in the painting possibly reference?
What does the feathered hat in the painting possibly reference?
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Which artist is known for the technique of enconchado in colonial Mexico?
Which artist is known for the technique of enconchado in colonial Mexico?
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What cultural inspiration can be seen in the frame of the Virgin of Guadalupe painting?
What cultural inspiration can be seen in the frame of the Virgin of Guadalupe painting?
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What does the laurel on David's hat symbolize?
What does the laurel on David's hat symbolize?
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How does David's posture contribute to his representation?
How does David's posture contribute to his representation?
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Which architectural feature connects the Palazzo Rucellai's design to classical ideals?
Which architectural feature connects the Palazzo Rucellai's design to classical ideals?
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What does the Medici's association with Mercury signify in the context of David's figure?
What does the Medici's association with Mercury signify in the context of David's figure?
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Who commissioned the Palazzo Rucellai?
Who commissioned the Palazzo Rucellai?
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What does the rock formation in 'Madonna and Child with Two Angels' symbolize?
What does the rock formation in 'Madonna and Child with Two Angels' symbolize?
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Which architectural style is NOT used for the pilasters of the Palazzo Rucellai?
Which architectural style is NOT used for the pilasters of the Palazzo Rucellai?
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What artistic medium is used for 'Madonna and Child with Two Angels'?
What artistic medium is used for 'Madonna and Child with Two Angels'?
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Study Notes
Early European and Colonial Americas (200-1750 CE)
- This unit examines the arts and architecture of medieval Europe and its colonial period in the Americas between 200 and 1750 CE.
- Medieval European art and architecture were heavily influenced by the intended purpose and audience.
- The works often reflect influences from earlier and contemporary cultures, sharing similar forms, functions, and techniques.
- Technological and cultural developments are evident in the evolving styles.
- Familiar artworks like the Sistine Chapel, Las Meninas, David, The Last Supper, and the Palace of Versailles will be explored in the unit.
Medieval Art
- Medieval art (European, 300-1400 CE; Islamic, 300-1600 CE) drew from late antique, early Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, migratory, Carolingian, Romanesque, and Gothic traditions.
- The requirements of worship (Jewish, Christian, or Islamic), elite or court culture, and learning heavily influenced the art.
- Religious and courtly elites prioritized theology, music, literary, and poetic inventions.
- Islamic art emphasized scientific and mathematical theory.
- Figurative and two/three-dimensional works commonly used stylistic variety and avoided naturalism; instead, the artworks focused on religious or courtly matters and often contained text.
Late Antiquity, Early Christian, and Byzantine Art
- Late Antiquity was a transitional period characterized by stiffness in poses, drapery, and the emphasis on death and resurrection (found in catacombs).
- Early Christian art focused on themes of death and resurrection, often seen in catacombs.
- Byzantine art is divided into early, middle, and late periods. The early Byzantine period saw the development of early Christian churches and mosaics bearing political messages. The Middle Byzantine period featured religious art and architecture focused on the "cross in square" design.
- Islamic Art: Absence of figures, calligraphic, geometric, and abstract floral patterns dominated this period.
- Migratory Art: Portable, wearable art pieces predominated for nomadic peoples. Architecture was not a focus.
Carolingian, Gothic, and Romanesque Art
- Carolingian Art: Increased literature, writing, visual arts, architecture, music, etc. Domes, huge pillars, mosaics, and arches were features.
- Gothic Art: More realistic human figures, complex perspectives, use of light, and shading were hallmarks of this period. Gothic architecture aimed to create heavenly environments on earth, and stained glass windows were prominent.
- Romanesque Art: Religious imagery was the focus. Architectural sculpture was an important art form, which decorated churches built of stone. Decoration emphasized color.
Late Antique Art
- Late antique art existed within the medieval artistic tradition.
- It reflected the needs of Christian worship and was known for its avoidance of naturalistic forms.
Historical Background
- Christianity, founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st century CE, developed as an underground religion within the Roman Empire. However, the numbers of converts grew, and Christians gradually became a majority.
- The Roman Emperor Constantine's triumph at the Milvian Bridge in 312 CE marked a turning point. The 313 CE edict of Milan granted land and property to Christians.
- This period was marked by persecution, frequent martyrdoms, as well as artists being commissioned for official use by the government.
- The presence of Christian art in catacombs and burial chambers is a reflection of this period's circumstances.
Early Christian Art
- Christianity was an underground religion but gradually became a majority in the Roman empire
- With the blessing of Emperor Constantine, churches started to be built.
- Christian artists emulated Roman works.
Catacombs of Priscilla
- The Catacombs of Priscilla in Rome, Italy, date to Late Antiquity (200–400 CE).
- Commissioned primarily by family groups, the catacombs acted as burial places for family members.
- They were constructed outside city walls, as was custom.
Form and Function
- Catacombs extend for about 100 miles and contain the tombs of millions of dead.
- The catacombs also contain the tombs of many popes and early Christian martyrs.
- Around 40,000 burials are contained within the catacombs.
Context
- Historical backgrounds inform interpretations of associated art and archaeological findings.
- Artistic techniques, styles, and subject matter are strongly linked to the circumstances of the time.
- The patrons and audiences of art greatly influence their form and content.
- Religious, cultural, and philosophical beliefs shaped or changed the purpose and functions of these artworks.
Byzantine Art
- Byzantine art is a medieval tradition inspired by requirements of Christian worship.
- Artworks often avoid naturalism and incorporate text into their images.
- Works were commonly displayed in religious or royal settings.
Historical Background
- The Byzantine Empire emerged from a division in the Roman world in the 5th century due to the difficulty for one ruler to manage effectively the ever-growing Roman Empire.
- The western half of the Roman Empire declined into chaos, but founded by Roman Emperor Constantine, the eastern half flourished for 1000 years after. Constantinople became its capital.
Patronage and Artistic Life
- The church and state were one, so the great works of art were often commissioned by both institutions.
- Artists rarely signed their works, as pride was viewed negatively.
Hagia Sophia
- Form: Combination of centrally and axially planned church, massive exterior with little ornamentation, large fields for mosaic decorations, many windows, dome supported by pendentives.
- Function: Originally a Christian church, later a mosque, and now a museum. It was built to accommodate lots of worshippers as well as being used as an artistic marvel.
San Vitale
- Form: Eight-sided plan, elaborate decoration, Spolia (reused bricks), circular plan octagonal format, light colored interior,
- Function: Christian Church
- Context: An important part of the Byzantine period, this church was finished by around 547ce
Merovingian Art
- The Merovingian dynasty of Frankish kings was marked by internal conflict.
- Rulers treated their kingdom as private property, with lavish expenditures.
- Much knowledge of this style of art derives from royal burials.
- Metalwork, including jewelry, brooches, pins, earrings, and bracelets often included in burials.
- Artwork was often inlaid with stones, using methods in chasing and cloisonné.
Hiberno-Saxon Art
- Art from the British Isles in the early medieval period, exemplified in illuminated manuscripts.
- The art is characterized by complex interlace patterns, extensive decoration, and crowded compositions..
- Artists who worked on these books had excellent mastery of color and form and transferred their skills by creating elaborate polychrome manuscripts.
Lindisfarne Gospels
- Early medieval European illuminated manuscript.
- Written by Bishop Eadfrith, this manuscript is notable for being the work of a single artist, rather than a team of scribes
- Written in Latin, with annotations in English
- It used Latin script, Anglo Saxon letters and some Greek letters.
Saint Luke incipit
- An incomplete manuscript page; this particular page has a "incipit" that mentions the opening words of Saint Luke's gospel.
- Various Celtic spiral ornaments.
- A cat appears on the lower right of the image
Cross Carpet Page
- Form: Represents a mix of traditional Celtic imagery and early Christian theology. This is reflected in a complex interlace pattern and imagery of birds and snakes
- Context: Cross carpet pages are found at the start of Gospels.
Romanesque Stylistic Characteristics (Architecture)
- Cruciform plan: Transept, ambulatory, radiating chapels.
- Massive architecture: Thick walls, rounded arches, and sturdy piers; barrel and groin vaults.
- Portal tympanums and capitals contain sculptural programs (reliefs).
St. Foy Church
- Architectural design accommodates a large number of pilgrims.
- Featuring wide transepts, a large ambulatory with radiating chapels.
- Massive, heavy walls for structural support. No clerestory; light is provided by the windows over the side aisles and galleries.
Radiating Chapels
- The chapels radiate from the central area to accommodate worshippers.
St. Foy Westwork
- The Westwork is part of the church's entrance, emphasizing the church's importance.
St. Foy Tympanum
- Large Romanesque tympanum, with multiple figures densely packed together.
- Subject matter: last judgement, intended to serve as a reminder reflecting the transience of life.
Stone and Paint Tympanum
- The tympanum is a large, arched doorway or surface and is an important element in Romanesque style architecture; it can serve as a teaching tool for the clergy and worshippers, and is often used in a church.
Enthroned Devil
- A representation of Hell.
- The figure is meant to symbolize chaos and serves as a warning to worshippers
St. Foy Reliquary
- A reliquary that represents Saint Foy
- Made using highly elaborate methods and material
The Bayeux Tapestry
- Embroidery on linen.
- Depicts the Norman conquest of England (1066).
Gothic Art
- A period in medieval art and architecture.
- Royal courts emphasized theology, music, and writing.
- Characterized by stylistic variety and avoidance of naturalism.
Gothic Architecture
- Rib Vault: Vaults with diagonal rib patterns support a roof
- Bays: Vertical sections of a church, framed by columns.
- Rose Window: Circular stained glass windows on facades
- Ogee Arch: An arch with two S-shaped curves meeting
Chartres Cathedral
- One of the first European churches using flying buttresses.
- The vertical nature of the interior walls symbolically directs viewers upward toward the heavens.
Gothic Style in Germany
- Influenced by French artistic style.
- Subject matter: Naturalism, genre scenes, and portraits became popular
Adam and Eve
- Artwork influenced by classical sculpture and Italian Renaissance.
- Showing figures before the Fall of Man.
Allegory of Law and Grace
- Contrasting the benefits of Protestantism and Catholicism
- Important image connected to the Protestant Reformation
The Last Judgement
- Moses holds the Ten Commandments, indicating the old religious law.
- The image serves as a religious message for worshippers.
Hunters in the Snow
- A detailed painting that reflects the winter scene of 16th-century life in Europe.
- Depicts the labors of hunters during the winter months, reflecting daily life.
- Flemish painting
- Landscape painting, emphasizing the natural world
- Depicts the hardships faced by the working class.
Birth of Venus
- Painting represents the Greek goddess, Venus
- Shows elements of Neo-Platonic thought, which embraced Greek and Roman philosophies and ideals.
High Renaissance and Mannerism
- Art of Western Europe focused on classical ideals, Christianity, naturalism, and formal artistic training.
- The Sack of Rome (1527) disrupted artistic production and ushered in a new period called Mannerism, characterized by deviations from classical ideals.
Perspective
- Linear perspective creates the illusion of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface.
- This technique is one of the key developments in early Renaissance art in Italy.
Sistine Chapel
- Michelangelo's fresco cycle, depicting scenes from the Book of Genesis.
- Significant characteristics: Complex arrangements, massive figures intended to be seen from a distance, and conveying various expressions
- A depiction of biblical scenes in nine vignettes.
School of Athens
- Fresco depicting Greek philosophers
- Shows a sense of unity through composition and lighting
Isenheim Altarpiece
- An altarpiece executed as a three-way view.
- Depicts the crucifixion of Christ
- Contains scenes of the crucifixion, the Annunciation, and different images of saints; used at an almshouse within a monastic community
Venus of Urbino
- Depicts a nude woman reclining in luxurious surroundings suggesting a luxurious lifestyle
Entombment of Christ
- Depicts the body of Jesus Christ in the process of being placed in a tomb
Il Gesù
- The facade reflects Counter-Reformation ideals.
- No aisles are seen, reflecting grandeur and ceremonial purpose
Baroque
- Baroque artworks are characterized by their dynamism, theatricality, and involvement of the viewer.
- This style departed from the restrained Italian Renaissance style.
Ecstasy of St. Teresa
- Depicts the saint experiencing a mystical vision
- The depiction is intended to evoke spiritual intensity and emotional response from worshippers.
Calling of Saint Matthew
- Illustrates the biblical scene of Jesus calling Matthew to be a disciple.
Italian v. Spanish Baroque Art
- Spanish Baroque art is more grounded in realism compared to the elaborate eccentricities of Italian Baroque.
Spanish Baroque (Las Meninas)
- The painting has alternating darks and lights.
- Painterly brush strokes are seen in the sleeves of the Infanta and the artist.
- Depicts the artist in his studio; shows a family and attendant.
Dutch Baroque Art
- Features landscapes, portraits, and genre scenes, avoiding big myths and religious topics.
- Paintings often depict intimate settings, emphasizing detailed realism
Self-Portrait with Saskia
- Shows Rembrandt with his wife, Saskia.
Woman Holding a Balance
- Depicts a woman meticulously weighing something in a still life, possibly weighing the soul.
Fruit and Insects
- Detailed still life painting depicting fruit, insects, and other natural objects.
Peter Paul Rubens
- Large-scale, monumental works
- Depicts significant figures and events
- Characteristic features: rich colors, dynamic composition, and prominent figures.
Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and Hunting Scene
– Depicts a hunting scene, with hunting scenes, that shows the varied color palette, detailed brushwork, and inlay of materials, reflecting the influences of Asian art
Palace at Versailles
- A sprawling, monumental structure designed to accommodate the needs and pomp of the king's court.
- Includes ornate interiors, extensive gardens and grand halls like the Hall of Mirrors.
- Showcases the wealth and power of the French monarchy.
Angel with Arquebus, Asiel Timor Dei
- A notable painting of an angel wielding a weapon. It combines Indigenous and European artistic styles.
Virgin of Guadalupe
- Religious painting that combines European and indigenous influences.
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Description
Test your knowledge about manuscript terminology and architectural features, particularly relating to St. Foy Church. Explore concepts like 'incipit', decorations, and the significance of the cruciform plan. This quiz covers important elements of art history and architecture.
