Manufacturing Processes and Classifications

Manufacturing Processes

• Notebooks are manufactured through a complex process: A tree is cut, transported to a pulp mill, where wood is turned into wood pulp.
• Chemicals are added to the pulp, and machines create paper.
• Ink made from chemicals is used to print pages, which are then bound into notebooks.
• Notebooks are packed and sold.

Secondary Activities in Manufacturing

• Secondary activities add value to raw materials.
• Pulp is transformed into paper, and paper into a notebook, increasing the product's value and utility.
• Examples include transforming cotton into cloth, increasing the value of these materials.

Industrial Classification

• Industries classify based on raw materials, size, and ownership.

Raw Materials Based Classification

• Agro-based: Use plant and animal products (e.g., food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textiles, dairy, leather).
• Mineral-based: Use mineral ores as raw materials (e.g., iron ore to make iron for various products like machinery and building materials).
• Marine-based: Use products from the sea and oceans (e.g., seafood processing, fish oil).
• Forest-based: Use forest products (e.g., pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture).

Size Based Classification

• Small-scale: Lower capital investment, fewer employees, smaller production volumes (e.g., cottage industries like basket weaving, pottery).
• Large-scale: Higher capital investment, more employees, larger production volumes (e.g., automobile production, heavy machinery).

Ownership Based Classification

• Private sector: Owned and operated by individuals or groups.
• Public sector: Owned and operated by the government.
• Joint sector: Owned and operated by the government and individuals or groups.
• Co-operative sector: Owned and operated by producers, suppliers, or workers.

Factors Affecting Industrial Location

• Availability of raw materials, land, water, labor, power, capital, transport, and market.
• Government incentives (subsidized power, lower transport costs) can influence location in backward areas.

Industrial System

• Consists of inputs (raw materials, labor, costs), processes (conversion), and outputs (finished products, income),
• Example from the Textile Industry: inputs include cotton, labour, factory and transport cost; processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, and printing; output being the finished shirt.

Industrial Regions

• Areas with numerous industries benefiting from proximity (e.g., Eastern North America, Western/Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Eastern Asia).
• Temperate areas, near sea ports, and near coal fields are common locations.
• India has several industrial regions like Mumbai-Pune, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu, Hugli, Ahmedabad-Baroda, Chattisgarh, Vishakhapatnam-Guntur, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut, and Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram.

Industrial Disaster

• Accidents/disasters caused by technical failure or hazardous material handling.
• Bhopal gas tragedy (1984): Leakage of methyl isocyanate (MIC) resulted in thousands of deaths and injuries.
• Gao Qiao gas well blowout: Numerous deaths and injuries due to a gas well blowout.
• Risk reduction involves separating industrial areas from residential areas, awareness about toxins, improved fire systems, and limited storage of hazardous materials.

Distribution of Major Industries

• Iron and steel: Older industry, located in Germany, USA, China, Japan, Russia.
• Textile: Older industry, concentrated in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan.
• Information technology: Emerging industry, located in Silicon Valley (USA) and Bangalore (India).

Iron and Steel Industry

• Inputs: Iron ore, coal, limestone, labor, capital, site, and infrastructure.
• Processes: Smelting iron ore in a blast furnace to create steel (refined steel products can be made).
• Outputs: Steel for other industries.
• Historical location changes: Initially near raw materials and power, later near coalfields and canals/railways, and lastly on large flat lands near sea ports (importing ore became more important).
• India's Iron and Steel Industry: Developed utilizing raw materials, labor, transport, and market; many important centers in West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
• Jamshedpur: Important iron and steel center (Tata Iron and Steel Company). Initially 32 km from Kalimati station (railway) near to resources and market in Kolkata.

Pittsburgh Steel Industry (USA)

• Pittsburgh is an important steel city.
• Historical location advantages included nearby coal, iron ore via Great Lakes waterway, and river transportation.
• Industrial activity developed around river valleys near Pittsburgh.