Manufacturing Industries

• Manufacturing is producing goods in large amounts from raw materials to valuable products.
• Paper is made from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, while aluminum comes from bauxite.
• Clothes are manufactured from yarn.
• Secondary activities are the manufacturing of primary materials into finished goods.
• Steel factories, car, breweries and textile industries are examples of secondary activities.
• The manufacturing industries fall in the secondary sector.
• The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of its manufacturing industries.

Importance of Manufacturing

• Manufacturing modernizes agriculture and decreases reliance on agricultural income by creating jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
• Industrial development is a precondition for reducing unemployment and poverty.
• Public and joint sector industries in India aimed to reduce regional disparities by locating in tribal and backward areas.
• Exporting manufactured goods increases trade and brings in foreign exchange.
• Countries that convert raw materials into various finished goods of higher value are more prosperous.
• India can increase its prosperity by increasing and diversifying manufacturing industries.
• Agro-industries have boosted agriculture by enhancing productivity.
• Agriculture relies on industries for irrigation pumps, fertilizers, and tools.
• Manufacturing boosts agriculture and makes production more efficient.
• Industries must be efficient and competitive in the present globalized world.
• Manufactured goods must be high quality to compete in the international market.

Classification of Industries

• Industries are classified to better grasp their manufacturing processes.

Based on Source of Raw Materials:

• Agro-based industries use agricultural raw materials like cotton, jute, silk, wool, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, and edible oil.
• Mineral-based industries use minerals like iron, steel, cement, aluminum and petrochemicals.

According to Main Role:

• Basic or key industries supply raw materials to manufacture other goods, such as iron, steel, copper, and aluminum smelting.
• Consumer industries produce goods for direct consumer use, like sugar, toothpaste, and paper.

Based on Capital Investment:

• A small-scale industry has a maximum investment of ₹1 crore, but this limit has changed over time.

On the Basis of Ownership:

• Public sector industries are owned and operated by government agencies like BHEL and SAIL.
• Private sector industries are owned and run by individuals or groups, such as TISCO and Bajaj Auto Ltd.
• Joint ventures are run by the state and individuals, like Oil India Ltd. (OIL).
• Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by raw material producers, suppliers, or workers, pooling resources and sharing profits/losses, for example, the sugar industry in Maharashtra.

Based on Bulk and Weight of Raw Material and Finished Goods:

• Heavy industries use heavy raw materials and produce heavy goods like iron and steel.
• Light industries use light materials to produce light goods, such as electrical equipment.

Agro-Based Industries

• Agro-based industries like textiles, sugar, and edible oil rely on agricultural raw materials.

Textile Industry

• The textile industry is unique as it significantly contributes to industrial production, employment, and foreign exchange earnings.
• The textile industry is self-reliant with a complete value chain, from raw materials to high-value products.

Cotton Textiles

• In ancient India, cotton textiles were made using hand spinning and weaving.
• Power-looms were introduced after the 18th century.
• Traditional industries experienced a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with mill-made cloth from England.
• The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.
• The development of the cotton textile industry was boosted during the two World Wars
• The industry was initially concentrated in the cotton-growing regions of Maharashtra and Gujarat due to raw cotton availability, markets, transport and accessible ports and moist climate.
• The textile industry supports agriculture and provides livelihoods to farmers and workers involved in ginning, spinning and weaving.
• It also supports other industries like chemicals, dyes, packaging and engineering.
• Spinning is centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu.
• Weaving is decentralized, incorporating regional skills and designs.
• India excels in spinning but struggles with weaving high-quality yarn.
• Weaving methods include handloom, power loom, and mills.
• Handspun Khadi provides employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.

Jute Textiles

• India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods.
• India is second after Bangladesh in exporting jute.
• Jute mills are mainly in West Bengal along the Hugli River banks.
• Rishra near Kolkata was the location of the first jute mill was in 1855.
• After the Partition in 1947, most of the jute producing area became Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan).

Sugar Industry

• India ranks second in sugar production worldwide.
• India is first in producing gur and khandsari.
• The raw material for sugar production is bulky, and its sucrose content decreases during transport.
• Sugar mills are in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh.
• Sixty percent of sugar mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
• The sugar industry is seasonal and suits the cooperative sector.
• Sugar mills are shifting to southern and western states like Maharashtra.
• The cane in these areas has higher sucrose content, and the cooler climate extends the crushing season and cooperatives are more successful.

Mineral-Based Industries

• Industries using minerals and metals as raw materials are mineral-based.

Iron and Steel Industry

• The iron and steel industry is the foundation for all other industries (heavy, medium, light) since they rely on it for machinery.
• Steel is essential for manufacturing, construction, defense, medical equipment, and consumer goods.
• Production and consumption of steel reflects a country's development.
• It's a heavy industry because raw materials and finished goods are heavy.
• Ideal ratios of iron ore to coking coal to limestone required in iron and steel production are 4:2:1.
• Manganese is necessary to harden the steel.
• Steel plants need to be located where there is efficient transport for distribution..

Aluminium Smelting

• Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
• Aluminium is light, corrosion-resistant, heat-conductive, malleable, and strong when mixed with other metals.
• It is used in aircraft, utensils, and wires.
• Aluminium has become a substitute for steel, copper, zinc, and lead across industries.
• Aluminium smelting plants are in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
• Bauxite is the main raw material for aluminium smelters.
• Consistent electricity supply and a reliable source of raw material at minimal cost are vital for industry location.

Chemical Industries

• The chemical industry is rapidly growing and diversifying in India, comprising large and small manufacturing units.
• Both inorganic and organic sectors have shown quick growth.
• Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash, and caustic soda are inorganic chemicals.
• Petrochemicals are organic chemicals used for synthetic fibres, rubbers, plastics, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
• Chemical plants are near oil refineries or petrochemical facilities.
• The chemical industry is its own primary consumer as basic chemicals are processed to produce chemicals for industry and agriculture.

Fertilizer Industry

• The fertilizer industry focuses on producing nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers, ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers.
• Potash is entirely imported into India due to lack of reserves.
• The industry expanded after the Green Revolution.
• Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Kerala produce half of the fertilizers.

Cement Industry

• Cement is essential for constructing buildings, factories, bridges, roads, airports, and dams.
• Bulky raw materials, like limestone, silica, and gypsum, are needed alongside coal and energy.
• The industry strategically locates plants in Gujarat for access to Gulf countries.
• The first cement plant was established in Chennai in 1904, and the industry has expanded since Independence.

Automobile Industry

• Automobiles enable quick transportation of goods, services and passengers with various centers manufacturing trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles and scooters.
• Demand for vehicles has increased after liberalization and introduction of modern models.
• The industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune and Chennai.

Information Technology and Electronics Industry

• The electronics industry produces a range of goods from transistor sets to computers.
• Bengaluru is India's electronic capital.
• Other electronic centers are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune and Chennai.
• The industry mainly concentrates in Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai and Pune.
• It has greatly impacted employment, and hardware and software growth drives the IT industry in India.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

• Industries pollute land, water, air, and cause noise, degrading the environment, despite contributions to economic growth.
• Air pollution is due to high levels of undesirable gases (sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide), airborne particles (dust, sprays, and smoke).
• Paper factories, refineries, and burning fossil fuels release contaminants.
• Toxic gas leakage has long-term harm.
• Water pollution arises from organic and inorganic industrial waste released into rivers.
• The main contributors are paper, chemical, textile, petroleum, and electroplating industries, as well as pesticides, fertilizers, and plastic factories.
• Thermal pollution occurs when hot factory water is released into rivers and ponds without cooling, which endangers aquatic life.
• Soil and water contamination are interconnected.
• Dumping wastes contaminates the soil, pollutes groundwater.
• Noise pollution causes irritation, hearing impairment, and increased heart rate caused by industrial operations and equipment.

Control of Environmental Degradation

• Minimize water use by reusing and recycling to lower industrial pollution of fresh water.
• Harvesting rainwater also helps reduce usage.
• Treat hot water and industrial waste before releasing them into rivers and ponds.
• Industrial effluent treatment involves: primary treatment (mechanical), secondary (biological), and tertiary (biological, chemical, and physical processes).
• Regulate groundwater extraction, reduce air particulate matter with smoke stacks, electrostatic precipitators and use oil or gas for fuel.

NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation)

• NTPC has ISO certification for its environmental management and preserves the environment through equipment upgrades.
• NTPC reduces waste by maximizing ash utilization and has green belts and specialized vehicles for afforestation.
• The environmental pollution is reduced through ash pond and water management while there is ecological monitoring and online database management.