Management Theories: Mayo and Herzberg

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Questions and Answers

What did Mayo conclude about the impact of working conditions on productivity?

They have little or no effect on productivity. (correct)

They are the primary factor in determining productivity levels.

They must be optimized before evaluating motivational factors.

They only affect productivity in the short term.

Which of the following is NOT a motivational factor identified by Mayo?

Financial rewards and bonuses. (correct)

Working in teams or groups.

Greater involvement of managers in employees' lives.

Better communication between managers and workers.

According to Frederick Herzberg, which of these factors directly motivates employees to work harder?

Hygiene factors such as salary and job security.

Career advancement opportunities.

Recognition and accountability in the workplace. (correct)

Thermal comfort in the office environment.

What are hygiene factors according to Herzberg's Two Factor Theory?

Elements that can cause dissatisfaction if not present. Signup and view all the answers

In Mayo's findings, what was a significant response from the Hawthorne workers?

They thrived on increased attention from supervisors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the need for achievement according to McClelland?

The motivation to set and reach challenging goals Signup and view all the answers

What motivates individuals with high authority/power motivation according to McClelland?

To gain respect and self-esteem through influence Signup and view all the answers

In Vroom's Expectancy Theory, what does 'valence' refer to?

The individual's desire for the reward Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions would best fulfill the need for affiliation according to McClelland's theory?

Promoting teamwork within the organization Signup and view all the answers

According to Vroom's Expectancy Theory, what is necessary for employees to believe their effort will lead to performance?

They must see a clear link between effort and performance Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended strategy for motivating individuals with high achievement motivation?

Setting realistic and challenging targets for them to aim for Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Vroom's Expectancy Theory is accurate?

It incorporates the concepts of valence, expectancy, and performance Signup and view all the answers

How can businesses effectively meet the needs of employees with power motivation?

Involving them in decision-making and providing responsibilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the total payment received by Salesperson A for February 2016?

$880 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of a commission-based payment method?

Cost-effective with no supervisor needed Signup and view all the answers

What disadvantage is associated with a high commission payment structure?

Discouragement of team collaboration Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines a bonus?

A payment made when employees have reached or surpassed targets Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of the Performance Related Pay system?

Can damage team spirit due to rivalry Signup and view all the answers

How does Profit Sharing Scheme benefit employees?

Links rewards to company's profit, aligning employee and owner goals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of commission-based pay?

Provides job security to employees Signup and view all the answers

What can be established to implement Performance Related Pay if performance standards are not visible?

A system of staff appraisal Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main advantages of producing a job description?

It helps to create a person specification. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT included in a job specification?

Pay scale Signup and view all the answers

In the context of preparing a job advertisement, which of the following should be included?

Job title and location Signup and view all the answers

Which method is often chosen after deciding on external or internal recruitment?

Preparing a job advertisement Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the shortlisting process in recruitment?

To select candidates based on their CVs and qualifications. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a job description?

It defines the duties and responsibilities of the job. Signup and view all the answers

What should a business consider about the job advert media?

Placement and costs involved with the advertising media. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential to include in a job advertisement regarding application submission?

How to apply and the deadline. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of redundancy in the workplace?

The job is no longer needed. Signup and view all the answers

How is labour turnover calculated?

Number of employees leaving multiplied by 100 and divided by the average number of employees. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of high labour turnover?

Introduction of new ideas and practices. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with high labour turnover?

Effective team management and leadership. Signup and view all the answers

What does workforce planning primarily involve?

Forecasting the required number and skills of workers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a problem associated with high labour turnover?

Higher recruitment and training costs. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT part of workforce planning?

Employee satisfaction surveys. Signup and view all the answers

Why might a company consider offering a severance package to redundant employees?

To provide financial support during transition. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of induction training for new employees?

It helps employees to settle into their job quickly. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of on-the-job training?

The productivity of the trainer may decrease. Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of off-the-job training?

It typically leads to recognized qualifications. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes on-the-job training?

It often includes guidance from skilled co-workers. Signup and view all the answers

What might happen if mentoring in on-the-job training is not compensated?

Training quality may suffer due to a lack of commitment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of off-the-job training?

It can be quite costly, due to external trainers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of on-the-job training?

It requires no oversight from experienced trainers. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates the advantage of induction training related to health and safety?

A new employee is informed about legal issues relevant to the factory. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Management and Leadership

Management is the process of getting work done through people. Managers coordinate employee efforts to achieve shared goals.
Management involves planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve business objectives.
Planning involves developing action programs to meet pre-defined goals. Plans can be short, medium, or long-term.
Organizing involves assigning tasks to individuals within the organization to achieve set targets. This includes delegation and clear reporting lines.
Leading is influencing people to achieve organizational goals. Motivating employees improves productivity and encompasses effective communication.
Controlling involves comparing actual results with planned results, and taking corrective actions if needed.

Management Skills

Conceptual skills are the ability to see the organization as a whole and understand how different parts interact. This is crucial for top management.
Human skills, also known as interpersonal skills, are the ability to work effectively with people. Middle management often relies on these skills.
Technical skills are specialized knowledge and expertise in a given area, such as accounting or engineering. Such skills are usually beneficial to the middle management.

Mintzberg's Management Roles

Interpersonal roles involve dealing with and motivating staff at all levels of an organization. This includes figurehead, leader, and liaison roles.
Information roles involve gathering, processing, and disseminating information. The roles include monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson.
Decision roles involve making decisions to solve problems and take advantage of opportunities. The roles include entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.

Leadership Qualities

Self-confidence: leaders must trust in their abilities
Creativity: generating new or original ideas
Dependability: being reliable and trustworthy
Energy: working hard to achieve goals
Well-rounded skills: having a diverse skillset
Charisma: having a captivating personality to influence others
Persistence: persevering even when faced with challenges

Leadership Styles

Autocratic (Authoritarian): Leader makes decisions and expects obedience and complete control over the workforce. It works well in emergencies when quick decisions are needed but not conducive to innovation or motivation in the general sense.
Democratic (Participative): Leader involves the workforce on the decision-making process (participative) and values employee feedback (democratic). Encourages participation but may compromise timeliness of decisions.
Laissez-faire: Leader provides limited direction and lets the staff take maximum autonomy to perform the work. It works well where employees are highly motivated and self-disciplined, but may create poor performance and inconsistency.

Motivation Theories

Taylor (Scientific Management): Workers are motivated by financial reward for increased output. A systematic approach to improve efficiency and productivity. (Economic Man)
Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs): Workers are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, starting with basic needs like physiological (food, shelter) and progressing to safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
Herzberg (Two-Factor Theory): Motivators (job satisfaction) include recognition, responsibility, and challenging work, while hygiene factors (dissatisfaction) relate to working conditions such as pay or relationships with coworkers.
Mayo (Hawthorne Effect): Motivating workers is influenced by social and psychological factors such as teamwork and attention from management rather than primarily by financial incentives or conditions, thus showing the need for strong social dynamics in the workplace.
Vroom (Expectancy Theory): Motivation depends on employee's belief that effort leads to performance, performance leads to rewards, and rewards are desirable.

Financial Rewards

Time rates: payment is based on time worked (hourly or daily)
Piece rates: payment depends on the number of units produced.
Commission: payment is a percentage of sales or other metrics.
Bonuses: one-time payment for exceeding performance goals.

Non-Financial Rewards

Job enlargement: more variety to tasks and duties.
Job enrichment: more challenging tasks and greater responsibility.
Job rotation: changing responsibilities to combat boredom or improve skills.
Training: educational or skill development programs
Promotion: opportunities to move up the company ranks
Recognition and praise: appreciation of employee achievements through compliments, verbal thanks or small awards.

Workforce Planning

Forecasting future workforce needs based on business objectives, anticipated growth, or departmental restructuring
Planning for future staffing requirements based on skill gaps and employee turnover
Assessing existing workforce skills against future needs and planning for appropriate training and development
Attracting, hiring, and motivating future staff with appropriate training and incentives to meet current and future needs

Employee Relations

Trade unions represent employees' interests
Collective bargaining is negotiating terms of employment for a group of employees
No-strike agreements are agreements between employers and unions designed to minimize disruptions.

Organizational Structure

Organizational chart: visual representation of an organization's hierarchy, reporting lines, and communication channels
Hierarchical structure: pyramid-like structure with clear chain of command from top (e.g.,CEO) to bottom (e.g., entry-level employees).
Flat structure: less hierarchical levels, more delegation and empowerment.
Functional Structure: Division of departments based on specific functions (e.g., finance, marketing, operations), which are hierarchical in nature and can facilitate increased specialized resources for specific tasks.
Matrix Structure: combines functional and project-based teams. Employees report both to functional and project managers.

Communication

Methods: written (letters, memos, reports), oral (meetings, telephone calls), visual (charts, diagrams), electronic (emails, videoconferencing)
Communication barriers: issues preventing effective communication (e.g., technical jargon, poor listening, distractions.
Steps to overcome barriers: Clearly communicate to be understood. Ensure feedback is actively requested and received. Select the appropriate channel that best transmits the intended information. Ensure the recipient has the resources and skills to effectively decode the message.

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Description

Explore key concepts from the theories of Elton Mayo and Frederick Herzberg in this quiz. Test your knowledge on how working conditions and motivational factors influence employee productivity. Understand the significance of hygiene factors and responses from workers in the Hawthorne studies.