Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the management process?
What is the primary purpose of the management process?
- To control the organisation's financial function
- To allocate resources to different departments
- To convert the organisation's resources into products and services (correct)
- To lead the organisation's marketing function
Which of the following is NOT one of the four fundamental management functions?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four fundamental management functions?
- Purchasing (correct)
- Leading
- Organising
- Planning
What is the name of the model that illustrates the management process?
What is the name of the model that illustrates the management process?
- The Business Management Model
- POLC (correct)
- The Four Function Model
- The Management Process Model
In which area of management are the four fundamental management functions executed?
In which area of management are the four fundamental management functions executed?
What is the outcome of the management process?
What is the outcome of the management process?
Which of the following is an example of a functional area of management?
Which of the following is an example of a functional area of management?
What is the primary reason why planning is important in organisations?
What is the primary reason why planning is important in organisations?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the planning process?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the planning process?
What is the main purpose of establishing planning premises?
What is the main purpose of establishing planning premises?
What is the primary barrier to effective planning?
What is the primary barrier to effective planning?
How can organisations overcome barriers to effective planning?
How can organisations overcome barriers to effective planning?
What is the role of budgeting in the planning process?
What is the role of budgeting in the planning process?
What is the purpose of formulating derivative plans?
What is the purpose of formulating derivative plans?
What is the benefit of contingency planning?
What is the benefit of contingency planning?
Why is it important for managers to look ahead and anticipate potential changes?
Why is it important for managers to look ahead and anticipate potential changes?
What is the primary role of planning in organisations?
What is the primary role of planning in organisations?
What is the primary purpose of forecasting in planning?
What is the primary purpose of forecasting in planning?
Which type of forecasting predicts future sales?
Which type of forecasting predicts future sales?
What is the primary purpose of a budget?
What is the primary purpose of a budget?
What is the main function of a Gantt chart?
What is the main function of a Gantt chart?
What is the primary purpose of PERT?
What is the primary purpose of PERT?
What is the main reason why organisations need to organise?
What is the main reason why organisations need to organise?
What is the primary purpose of organisation design?
What is the primary purpose of organisation design?
What is the main advantage of job specialisation?
What is the main advantage of job specialisation?
What is the primary purpose of departmentalisation?
What is the primary purpose of departmentalisation?
What is represented in an organisational chart?
What is represented in an organisational chart?
What is depicted in an organisational chart?
What is depicted in an organisational chart?
What is departmentalisation?
What is departmentalisation?
What is the purpose of the span of control principle?
What is the purpose of the span of control principle?
What is the result of a wider span of control in an organisation?
What is the result of a wider span of control in an organisation?
What are the five factors influencing organisation design, according to Cronjé et al. (2004)?
What are the five factors influencing organisation design, according to Cronjé et al. (2004)?
What is the central problem of the current day organisation, according to Drucker (1974)?
What is the central problem of the current day organisation, according to Drucker (1974)?
According to Ostroff & Smith (1992), what is required to achieve the required levels of corporate performance?
According to Ostroff & Smith (1992), what is required to achieve the required levels of corporate performance?
What do Waterman, Peters & Phillips (1980) assert about structure and organisation?
What do Waterman, Peters & Phillips (1980) assert about structure and organisation?
What is the 7-S model primarily concerned with?
What is the 7-S model primarily concerned with?
What is the purpose of the unity of command principle?
What is the purpose of the unity of command principle?
What is the primary focus of the organisational design process?
What is the primary focus of the organisational design process?
What is the primary purpose of forecasting in the planning process?
What is the primary purpose of forecasting in the planning process?
What is the term for the number of subordinates who report to a particular manager?
What is the term for the number of subordinates who report to a particular manager?
Which type of power is based on the leader's ability to punish others?
Which type of power is based on the leader's ability to punish others?
At which stage of the management process should feed forward control be implemented?
At which stage of the management process should feed forward control be implemented?
What is the primary purpose of implementing control at strategic control points?
What is the primary purpose of implementing control at strategic control points?
What is the primary difference between leadership and management, according to Kotter?
What is the primary difference between leadership and management, according to Kotter?
Which of the following is an example of a Physical Resource Control System?
Which of the following is an example of a Physical Resource Control System?
What is the primary purpose of delegation in the leadership process?
What is the primary purpose of delegation in the leadership process?
What is the primary characteristic of expert power?
What is the primary characteristic of expert power?
What is the purpose of implementing concurrent control during the Conversion Stage?
What is the purpose of implementing concurrent control during the Conversion Stage?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an effective control system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an effective control system?
What is the primary focus of the leadership process, according to Jones and George?
What is the primary focus of the leadership process, according to Jones and George?
What is the purpose of implementing feedback control during the Output Stage?
What is the purpose of implementing feedback control during the Output Stage?
What is the primary purpose of authority in the leadership process?
What is the primary purpose of authority in the leadership process?
What is the primary difference between leadership and management according to Kotter?
What is the primary difference between leadership and management according to Kotter?
What is the primary purpose of strategic control?
What is the primary purpose of strategic control?
What is the primary characteristic of referent power?
What is the primary characteristic of referent power?
Which of the following is an example of a Financial Resource Control System?
Which of the following is an example of a Financial Resource Control System?
What is the focus of Trait Theories in leadership?
What is the focus of Trait Theories in leadership?
Which leadership theory focuses on the manner in which the situation impacts on the effectiveness of leadership?
Which leadership theory focuses on the manner in which the situation impacts on the effectiveness of leadership?
What is the primary purpose of implementing control systems in an organisation?
What is the primary purpose of implementing control systems in an organisation?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an effective control system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an effective control system?
What is the primary purpose of the control function in management?
What is the primary purpose of the control function in management?
How many steps are involved in the control process?
How many steps are involved in the control process?
What is the primary concern of the Financial Function?
What is the primary concern of the Financial Function?
What is the focus of control mechanisms?
What is the focus of control mechanisms?
Which leadership theory focuses on the fit between the leader's style and the maturity of subordinates?
Which leadership theory focuses on the fit between the leader's style and the maturity of subordinates?
What is the primary objective of the Marketing Function?
What is the primary objective of the Marketing Function?
Which of the four marketing instruments is concerned with the exchange value of a product or service?
Which of the four marketing instruments is concerned with the exchange value of a product or service?
What is the primary purpose of management function of Leading?
What is the primary purpose of management function of Leading?
Which leadership theory is focused on building consensus and creating an open and inclusive environment?
Which leadership theory is focused on building consensus and creating an open and inclusive environment?
What is the primary purpose of the Human Resources Function?
What is the primary purpose of the Human Resources Function?
What is the primary objective of attracting human resources in the Human Resources Function?
What is the primary objective of attracting human resources in the Human Resources Function?
What is the primary outcome of the control process?
What is the primary outcome of the control process?
What is the primary role of the Human Resources Function in an organisation?
What is the primary role of the Human Resources Function in an organisation?
What is the primary benefit of the Human Resources Function in an organisation?
What is the primary benefit of the Human Resources Function in an organisation?
What is the primary purpose of the Operations Function in an organisation?
What is the primary purpose of the Operations Function in an organisation?
What is the primary purpose of formulating a marketing strategy?
What is the primary purpose of formulating a marketing strategy?
When companies place adverts in the newspaper, which of the four marketing instruments is being utilised?
When companies place adverts in the newspaper, which of the four marketing instruments is being utilised?
What is the main reason why organisations need to improve their learning capabilities and manage complexity and diversity?
What is the main reason why organisations need to improve their learning capabilities and manage complexity and diversity?
What is the challenge that managers face in managing intellectual capital?
What is the challenge that managers face in managing intellectual capital?
What role does the HR Function need to change to in order to facilitate the manner in which the organisation deals with organisational challenges?
What role does the HR Function need to change to in order to facilitate the manner in which the organisation deals with organisational challenges?
What is the focus that HR needs to shift towards, according to Ulrich (1998)?
What is the focus that HR needs to shift towards, according to Ulrich (1998)?
What is the challenge that organisations face in order to survive in an environment characterised by change?
What is the challenge that organisations face in order to survive in an environment characterised by change?
What is the challenge that managers need to overcome in terms of technology?
What is the challenge that managers need to overcome in terms of technology?
What is the overall goal of the management process in an organisation?
What is the overall goal of the management process in an organisation?
In which functional areas of management are the four fundamental management functions executed?
In which functional areas of management are the four fundamental management functions executed?
What is the first of the four fundamental management functions explored in the management process?
What is the first of the four fundamental management functions explored in the management process?
What is depicted in Figure 4.1?
What is depicted in Figure 4.1?
What is the primary function of the four fundamental management functions in the management process?
What is the primary function of the four fundamental management functions in the management process?
What is the relationship between the four fundamental management functions and the areas of management?
What is the relationship between the four fundamental management functions and the areas of management?
What does the organisational chart demonstrate besides the employee-manager relationships?
What does the organisational chart demonstrate besides the employee-manager relationships?
Which type of organisational structure emerges naturally from the social relationships between employees?
Which type of organisational structure emerges naturally from the social relationships between employees?
What is one of the organisational design principles to keep in mind when establishing departments and designing the organisational structure?
What is one of the organisational design principles to keep in mind when establishing departments and designing the organisational structure?
What is the primary problem of the current day organisation, according to Drucker (1974)?
What is the primary problem of the current day organisation, according to Drucker (1974)?
What is the result of a wider span of control in an organisation, according to Smit & Cronjé (2020)?
What is the result of a wider span of control in an organisation, according to Smit & Cronjé (2020)?
Which of the following is NOT one of the underlying forces that influence the design of the organisational structure?
Which of the following is NOT one of the underlying forces that influence the design of the organisational structure?
What type of departmentalisation groups activities based on the location of their customers?
What type of departmentalisation groups activities based on the location of their customers?
According to Ostroff & Smith (1992), what is required to achieve the required levels of corporate performance?
According to Ostroff & Smith (1992), what is required to achieve the required levels of corporate performance?
What is the primary purpose of the unity of command principle?
What is the primary purpose of the unity of command principle?
What is the purpose of the organisational design principles?
What is the purpose of the organisational design principles?
What does the concept of span of control refer to?
What does the concept of span of control refer to?
What is the primary objective of forecasting in planning?
What is the primary objective of forecasting in planning?
What is leadership defined as?
What is leadership defined as?
What is the primary function of a budget in planning?
What is the primary function of a budget in planning?
What is the main difference between leadership and management according to Kotter?
What is the main difference between leadership and management according to Kotter?
What is the primary purpose of Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)?
What is the primary purpose of Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)?
What type of power does a leader have as a result of their hierarchical position within the organisation?
What type of power does a leader have as a result of their hierarchical position within the organisation?
What is the primary benefit of job specialisation?
What is the primary benefit of job specialisation?
What is the primary purpose of delegation in the leadership process?
What is the primary purpose of delegation in the leadership process?
What is the primary purpose of organisation design?
What is the primary purpose of organisation design?
What is the term for the ability of a leader to command respect, admiration and loyalty?
What is the term for the ability of a leader to command respect, admiration and loyalty?
What is the primary purpose of departmentalisation?
What is the primary purpose of departmentalisation?
What is the primary focus of the leadership process, according to Jones and George?
What is the primary focus of the leadership process, according to Jones and George?
What is the term for the ability of a leader to punish others and instil fear?
What is the term for the ability of a leader to punish others and instil fear?
What is represented in an organisational chart?
What is represented in an organisational chart?
What is the result of a wider span of control in an organisation?
What is the result of a wider span of control in an organisation?
What is the primary purpose of scheduling in planning?
What is the primary purpose of scheduling in planning?
What is the primary reason why organisations need to organise?
What is the primary reason why organisations need to organise?
What is the term for the process by which an individual exerts influence over other people and inspires, motivates, and directs their activities?
What is the term for the process by which an individual exerts influence over other people and inspires, motivates, and directs their activities?
What is the primary purpose of the division of work?
What is the primary purpose of the division of work?
What is the primary reason for planning, according to Jones & George (2022)?
What is the primary reason for planning, according to Jones & George (2022)?
What is the outcome of Step 5 in the planning process?
What is the outcome of Step 5 in the planning process?
What is a barrier to effective planning, according to Cronjé, et al (2004)?
What is a barrier to effective planning, according to Cronjé, et al (2004)?
What is the purpose of Step 3 in the planning process?
What is the purpose of Step 3 in the planning process?
What is the benefit of contingency planning, according to Cronjé, et al (2004)?
What is the benefit of contingency planning, according to Cronjé, et al (2004)?
What is the primary purpose of budgeting in the planning process?
What is the primary purpose of budgeting in the planning process?
What is the outcome of Step 6 in the planning process?
What is the outcome of Step 6 in the planning process?
Why is it important for managers to look ahead and anticipate potential changes, according to Robbins (1997)?
Why is it important for managers to look ahead and anticipate potential changes, according to Robbins (1997)?
What is the primary role of planning in organisations, according to Jones & George (2022)?
What is the primary role of planning in organisations, according to Jones & George (2022)?
What is the primary purpose of Step 1 in the planning process?
What is the primary purpose of Step 1 in the planning process?
What is the primary focus of Trait Theories in leadership?
What is the primary focus of Trait Theories in leadership?
What is the name of the model that focuses on the fit between the leader's style and the maturity of his/her subordinates?
What is the name of the model that focuses on the fit between the leader's style and the maturity of his/her subordinates?
What is the primary purpose of Control in the management process?
What is the primary purpose of Control in the management process?
What are the four categories of leadership theories?
What are the four categories of leadership theories?
What is the primary benefit of the Contingency Theories of leadership?
What is the primary benefit of the Contingency Theories of leadership?
What is the primary purpose of the control process in organisations?
What is the primary purpose of the control process in organisations?
What is the primary focus of the Behavioural Theories of leadership?
What is the primary focus of the Behavioural Theories of leadership?
What is the purpose of the four steps in the control process?
What is the purpose of the four steps in the control process?
What is the primary difference between leadership and management, according to Kotter?
What is the primary difference between leadership and management, according to Kotter?
What is the primary benefit of implementing control at strategic control points?
What is the primary benefit of implementing control at strategic control points?
What is the main organisational challenge that requires companies to be innovative and creative and encourage the sharing of information amongst employees?
What is the main organisational challenge that requires companies to be innovative and creative and encourage the sharing of information amongst employees?
According to Ulrich, what does the HR Function need to become in order to facilitate the manner in which the organisation deals with the above challenges?
According to Ulrich, what does the HR Function need to become in order to facilitate the manner in which the organisation deals with the above challenges?
What is the main challenge that requires managers to learn how to remain ahead of the information curve and effectively utilise information to attain business results?
What is the main challenge that requires managers to learn how to remain ahead of the information curve and effectively utilise information to attain business results?
What is the primary purpose of implementing control at strategic control points?
What is the primary purpose of implementing control at strategic control points?
What type of control is implemented during the Input Stage?
What type of control is implemented during the Input Stage?
What is the challenge that requires organisations to develop the capacity to cope with change?
What is the challenge that requires organisations to develop the capacity to cope with change?
What is the main focus of HR according to Ulrich?
What is the main focus of HR according to Ulrich?
What is the primary purpose of inventory control systems?
What is the primary purpose of inventory control systems?
What is the organisational challenge that requires organisations to attract, assimilate, compensate, and retain talented individuals?
What is the organisational challenge that requires organisations to attract, assimilate, compensate, and retain talented individuals?
What is the primary characteristic of an effective control system?
What is the primary characteristic of an effective control system?
What is the primary purpose of performance measurement in Human Resource Control Systems?
What is the primary purpose of performance measurement in Human Resource Control Systems?
What is the primary focus of strategic control?
What is the primary focus of strategic control?
During which stage of the management process is concurrent control exercised?
During which stage of the management process is concurrent control exercised?
What is the primary purpose of operational control systems?
What is the primary purpose of operational control systems?
What is the primary benefit of integrating the management functions of planning and controlling?
What is the primary benefit of integrating the management functions of planning and controlling?
What is the primary purpose of quality control systems?
What is the primary purpose of quality control systems?
What is the primary focus of the Financial Function?
What is the primary focus of the Financial Function?
What is the primary purpose of the Marketing Function?
What is the primary purpose of the Marketing Function?
Which of the four marketing instruments is being utilised when companies place adverts in the newspaper?
Which of the four marketing instruments is being utilised when companies place adverts in the newspaper?
What is the primary purpose of the Human Resources Function?
What is the primary purpose of the Human Resources Function?
What is involved in the process of human resource planning?
What is involved in the process of human resource planning?
What is the primary purpose of the operations function?
What is the primary purpose of the operations function?
What is the primary purpose of the purchasing function?
What is the primary purpose of the purchasing function?
What is the primary focus of the Financial Function, according to Cronjé (2004)?
What is the primary focus of the Financial Function, according to Cronjé (2004)?
What is the primary purpose of the marketing mix, according to Cronjé et al. (2004)?
What is the primary purpose of the marketing mix, according to Cronjé et al. (2004)?
What is the primary purpose of the Human Resources Function, according to Jones and George (2022)?
What is the primary purpose of the Human Resources Function, according to Jones and George (2022)?
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Study Notes
Management Process
- The management process involves four fundamental management functions: Planning, Organising, Leading, and Controlling (POLC)
- These functions convert an organisation's resources (inputs) into products and services (outputs) required by the organisation's market
Four Fundamental Management Functions
- Planning: involves setting goals, establishing strategies, and allocating resources to achieve objectives
- Reasons for planning:
- Provides direction and purpose
- Coordinates various departmental functions
- Helps control managers and assess performance
- Reduces impact of change
- Types of organisational plans:
- Standing plans (e.g., policies, procedures)
- Single-use plans (e.g., projects, budgets)
- Steps in the planning process:
- Opportunity awareness
- Establishing goals
- Drawing up premises
- Developing various courses of action
- Evaluating alternatives
- Selecting a course of action
- Formulating derivative plans
- Budgeting
- Reasons for planning:
- Organising: involves allocating resources, assigning tasks, and structuring the organisation
- Reasons for organising:
- Provides direction and coordination
- Facilitates communication
- Enhances specialisation and efficiency
- Organisation design principles:
- Division of work
- Departmentalisation
- Chain of command
- Unity of command
- Span of control
- Reasons for organising:
- Leading: involves influencing and motivating others to achieve organisational goals
- Nature and elements of leadership:
- Authority
- Power (legitimate, reward, coercive, referent, expert)
- Influence
- Responsibility and accountability
- Leadership vs management:
- Leadership focuses on coping with change, while management focuses on coping with complexity
- Nature and elements of leadership:
- Controlling: involves monitoring and regulating organisational performance
- Control process:
- Setting standards
- Measuring performance
- Comparing performance with standards
- Taking corrective action### Controlling Function in Management
- Control process:
- Enables managers to achieve superior efficiency, improves quality of goods/services, and enhances responsiveness to customers
- Comprises four steps:
- Setting performance standards
- Measuring actual performance
- Comparing actual performance with standards
- Taking corrective action
Focus of Control
- Control mechanisms should focus on activities related to the organisation's resources at strategic control points
- Strategic control points exist at different stages of the management process:
- Input stage: feed forward control (anticipate problems before they occur)
- Conversion stage: concurrent control (deal with problems as they occur)
- Output stage: feedback control (address problems after they have arisen)
Control Systems
- Physical resource control systems:
- Inventory control (economic ordering quantity, materials requirements planning, just-in-time)
- Operational control (PERT, linear programming, break-even analysis)
- Quality control (Total Quality Management)
- Financial resource control systems:
- Budgeting
- Financial analysis
- Information resource control systems
- Human resource control systems:
- Performance measurement
- Ratio analysis (labour turnover, absenteeism, work force composition)
Characteristics of an Effective Control System
- Integration with management functions of planning and controlling
- Flexibility to accommodate adjustments to organisational plans
- Accuracy in providing an objective picture of the organisation's situation
- Timeliness in providing control data to management
- Simplicity to avoid complexity that hampers manager's utilisation of the system
Areas of Management
- General Management:
- Planning
- Organising
- Leading
- Controlling
- Functional areas of management:
- Financial function
- Marketing function
- Human resources function
- Operations function
- Purchasing function
Financial Function
- Concerned with the flow of funds, acquisition of funds, application of funds, and administration of financial matters
- Interacts with other management areas, related disciplines, and the environment
Marketing Function
- Involves developing and transferring a need-satisfying market offering to consumers
- Formulates a marketing strategy, including decisions about the four Ps:
- Product
- Price
- Place (distribution)
- Promotion (marketing communication)
Human Resources Function
- Attracts, retains, and develops employees to contribute to organisational goals
- Involves human resource planning, recruitment, selection, placement, induction, performance management, remuneration, health and safety, and labour relations
- Ulrich's arguments for the importance of HR in achieving organisational excellence
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