17 Questions
What is the rationale for treating post-menopausal women with hormone replacement therapy (HRT)?
To prevent osteoporotic fractures
Why is it recommended to treat women with a uterus with combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy?
To reduce the risk of endometrial cancer
What is a potential concern when administering higher-dose HRT?
Fluid retention
In post-menopausal women, what are the associated risks of undergoing long-term HRT?
Adverse effects related to the duration of therapy and age
When is it generally recommended to discontinue oestrogen replacement therapy?
After 5 years of therapy
Why might lower-dose oral or transdermal HRT be more appropriate for some patients?
To reduce oestrogenic side-effects
What is the most reliable 'test' of ovarian function in pre-menopausal women?
Careful menstrual history
What can confirm ovulation in women during the menstrual cycle?
Plasma progesterone measurement during luteal phase
At what age does the cessation of menstruation (menopause) typically occur in high-income countries?
50 years
What happens in the 5 years before menopause that is referred to as the climacteric?
Gradual increase in anovulatory cycles
What hormonal changes occur leading to menopause?
Increased pituitary secretion of LH and FSH
What is the recommended age limit for continuing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in patients with premature menopause?
Around 50 years
When should HRT be continued beyond the age of around 50 years in patients with premature menopause?
If there are persistent symptoms of estrogen deficiency
What are some clinical features of male hypogonadism?
Gynecomastia and infertility
What is one of the postulated mechanisms contributing to mild hypogonadism in older men?
Reduction in testosterone levels with age
Which hormone is commonly measured in older men as part of an assessment for erectile dysfunction and lack of libido?
Testosterone
How is male hypogonadism confirmed?
Low fasting serum testosterone level at 0900-hr
Learn about the management of reproductive disorders, including the treatment of functional amenorrhoea, structural pituitary and hypothalamic disease, PCOS, and hormone replacement therapy for oestrogen-decient women.
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