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Questions and Answers
Which hormone stimulates the release of both ACTH and β-endorphin from the anterior pituitary?
Which hormone stimulates the release of both ACTH and β-endorphin from the anterior pituitary?
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of glucagon.
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of glucagon.
False
What hormone inhibits the release of growth hormone?
What hormone inhibits the release of growth hormone?
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH, somatostatin)
The anterior pituitary hormone that is increased by fasting stress is called __________.
The anterior pituitary hormone that is increased by fasting stress is called __________.
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Which of the following hormones is also known as dopamine?
Which of the following hormones is also known as dopamine?
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What does Ghrelin stimulate the secretion of?
What does Ghrelin stimulate the secretion of?
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Match the following hormones with their functions:
Match the following hormones with their functions:
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Octreotide is a synthetic analog of __________ used for acromegaly.
Octreotide is a synthetic analog of __________ used for acromegaly.
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What is the primary use of Cabergoline?
What is the primary use of Cabergoline?
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Oxytocin is produced and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
Oxytocin is produced and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
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What are the two conditions that can lead to diabetes insipidus?
What are the two conditions that can lead to diabetes insipidus?
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Desmopressin is a modified form of __________.
Desmopressin is a modified form of __________.
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Match the drugs with their primary use:
Match the drugs with their primary use:
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What effect does vasopressin have mediated through V2 receptors?
What effect does vasopressin have mediated through V2 receptors?
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Oxytocin is primarily used to stimulate uterine contractions.
Oxytocin is primarily used to stimulate uterine contractions.
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Which two proteins involved in blood coagulation are increased by vasopressin?
Which two proteins involved in blood coagulation are increased by vasopressin?
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What is an indication of abnormal function of the pituitary gland?
What is an indication of abnormal function of the pituitary gland?
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ACTH stimulates the secretion of cortisol from the thymus gland.
ACTH stimulates the secretion of cortisol from the thymus gland.
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What hormone is primarily responsible for milk production?
What hormone is primarily responsible for milk production?
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Elevated prolactin levels greater than ______ ng/mL indicates hyperprolactinemia.
Elevated prolactin levels greater than ______ ng/mL indicates hyperprolactinemia.
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyperprolactinemia?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyperprolactinemia?
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Dopamine agonists are used to suppress the release of prolactin.
Dopamine agonists are used to suppress the release of prolactin.
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What is the synthetic form of ACTH called?
What is the synthetic form of ACTH called?
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Match the following conditions with their manifestations:
Match the following conditions with their manifestations:
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What is one of the main roles of Growth Hormone (GH) in the body?
What is one of the main roles of Growth Hormone (GH) in the body?
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GH deficiency can lead to acromegaly in adults.
GH deficiency can lead to acromegaly in adults.
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What condition is characterized by growth retardation due to a deficiency of growth hormone secretion before puberty?
What condition is characterized by growth retardation due to a deficiency of growth hormone secretion before puberty?
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The treatment for excess growth hormone includes medications like __________ and __________.
The treatment for excess growth hormone includes medications like __________ and __________.
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Match the following conditions with their description:
Match the following conditions with their description:
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Which of the following is NOT a pharmacological application of growth hormone?
Which of the following is NOT a pharmacological application of growth hormone?
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TSH stimulates the synthesis and release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid.
TSH stimulates the synthesis and release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid.
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What technology is used to produce human growth hormone?
What technology is used to produce human growth hormone?
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Study Notes
Management Algorithm for Lean PCOS
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Lifestyle modifications are crucial, including weight maintenance, ample vegetable and some fruit intake, vitamin D, calcium, and herbs, along with regular exercise.
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Inadequate clinical response may necessitate additional management strategies for conditions like hirsutism, menstrual dysfunction, acne, and infertility.
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Additional management includes metformin +/- myoinositol.
Hypothalamic Hormones
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Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH): Stimulates the secretion of ACTH and β-endorphin from the anterior pituitary.
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Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH): Stimulates the release of thyrotrophin from the anterior pituitary, which in turn stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxin.
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Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH): Stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormones.
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Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH): Produces a rapid elevation in plasma growth hormone levels.
Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH, Somatostatin)
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Inhibits the release of growth hormone, glucagon, gastrin, and thyrotrophin.
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Octreotide is a synthetic analog of somatostatin with a longer half-life used in acromegaly.
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)
- Dopamine acts as the physiological inhibitor of prolactin release.
Pituitary Hormones
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The pituitary gland is a small, rounded body attached to the base of the brain.
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It consists of anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe hormone secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus. The posterior lobe does not produce hormones, but stores and secrets oxytocin and vasopressin.
Growth Hormone (GH, Somatotropin)
- Increased by hypoglycemia, fasting stress, and GHRH; decreased by glucose, corticosteroids, and GHIH administration
- Ghrelin, a peptide hormone secreted from the stomach, stimulates GH secretion.
- Blood level of IGF-1
- Physiological effects include stimulating secretions of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and stimulating lipolysis.
Growth Hormone Abnormalities
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GH deficiency (Pituitary dwarfism): Deficiency before puberty causing growth retardation, short stature, and delayed sexual development.
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GH excess (Gigantism & Acromegaly): Gigantism occurs before puberty, causing excessive upward and outward growth, and disproportionately long limbs. Acromegaly occurs in adults, causing enlargement of bones (hands, feet, jaw, nose), and visceral organs.
Drugs Acting on Growth Hormone
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Agonists: Treatment of dwarfism, stimulation of growth in children, Turner's syndrome, and counteracting wasting in AIDS. Somatrem (Protropin) or somatropin (Humatrope) are recombinant DNA technologies used for body building by athletes.
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Antagonists: Treatment of excess GH. Octreotide & Lanreotide (long-acting), Dopamine agonists (bromocriptine and cabergoline), and GH receptor antagonist (Pegvisomant) inhibit GH secretion.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Stimulates growth of the thyroid gland, increases blood flow to the thyroid gland, increases synthesis and release of T3&T4, and stimulates iodide uptake.
- Useful for diagnostic purposes to differentiate between pituitary and thyroid gland failures.
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
- Stimulates the synthesis of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.
- Stimulates cortisol secretion from adrenal glands.
- In the fetus, stimulates DHEA-S synthesis to prepare the mother for birth.
- Used to diagnose adrenal disorders or treat deficiencies (less commonly than glucocorticoids).
Prolactin
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Responsible for normal development and maturation of mammary glands (mammary effect).
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Responsible for milk production (lactogenic effect).
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Hyperprolactinemia: Elevated prolactin (>100 ng/mL) without stimulatory factors, often due to prolactinomas (tumors), certain medications (phenothiazines, cimetidine, fluoxetine, reserpine), hypothalamic dysfunction, tumors, tuberculosis, or sarcoidosis and other conditions.
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Common manifestations may including amenorrhea (absent menstruation), infertility, galactorrhea (lactation outside of pregnancy or breastfeeding), decreased sex drive, decreased sperm production, impotence, and breast enlargement (gynecomastia) in men.
Posterior Pituitary Hormones (Anti-diuretic Hormone, ADH)
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The posterior pituitary stores, but does not produce, oxytocin and ADH.
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ADH's physiological effects include renal effects (conserving water, increasing water retention), vasopressor effects (involving vasoconstriction), and increasing blood clotting factors VIII and von Willebrand's factor.
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Diabetes insipidus: Deficiency of ADH or abnormal ADH receptors can cause water imbalance and excessive urination.
Oxytocin
- Oxytocin's primary function is oxytocin effect, stimulating uterine contractions, likely aiding in fetal expulsion.
- It's also involved in milk ejection from lactating breasts in response to suckling.
- Although high doses of oxytocin can have a transient relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscle, it primarily affects the uterus and breasts.
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Description
This quiz explores the management of Lean PCOS, focusing on lifestyle changes, dietary modifications, and clinical responses to treatments. It also examines the role of hypothalamic hormones like CRH, TRH, GnRH, and GHRH in regulating body functions. Test your knowledge on these important health topics!
