Management of Cough Treatments
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of antitussives in cough management?

  • To increase the frequency of coughing
  • To stimulate the cough reflex
  • To reduce the intensity or frequency of coughing (correct)
  • To liquefy bronchial secretions

    • Which of the following statements correctly describes mucolytics?

  • They reduce the cough reflex sensitivity.
  • They help in forming new bronchial secretions.
  • They are used to stop dry cough.
  • They liquefy bronchial secretions to facilitate removal. (correct)

    • What is the significance of targeted treatment for cough?

  • It focuses solely on alleviating symptoms without addressing the cause.
  • It is directed at the underlying cause, such as respiratory infections. (correct)
  • It is random and based solely on patient preference.
  • It is used only for chronic cough management.

    • Which inhalation method is suggested for relieving acute cough?

    <p>Steam inhalation with menthol or tincture benzoin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do peripheral antitussives utilize to reduce coughing?

    <p>They inhibit afferent impulses of the cough reflex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of specific treatment for cough management?

    <p>Aspirin for throat irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of expectorants in cough treatment?

    <p>To thin mucus and promote productive coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition primarily requires non-specific treatment such as antitussives?

    <p>Dry cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of benzonatate in treating cough?

    <p>It depresses peripheral cough receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are opioids like codeine and hydrocodone generally not recommended for cough suppression?

    <p>They can cause significant sedation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medication directly inhibits cough centers in the medulla?

    <p>Central antitussives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical class is benzonatate chemically related to?

    <p>Local anesthetics like lidocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key effect of opioid-derived cough medications when used at low doses?

    <p>They inhibit cough without the need for full analgesic doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does menthol have on dry, irritated air passages?

    <p>It flushes out mucus and moisturizes air passages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of central antitussives?

    <p>They inhibit the cough center located in the medulla.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of opioid cough suppressants?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of chronic asthma?

    <p>Dyspnea and chest tightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most commonly linked as a predisposing condition for asthma?

    <p>Genetic history of respiratory conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of physiological change is associated with airway smooth muscle in asthma?

    <p>Hypertrophy resulting in airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological aspect is noted to be prevalent among asthmatics?

    <p>Stress, reported in 40% of asthmatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does mucus secretion play in asthma pathology?

    <p>Increases airway obstruction and congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the symptoms associated with chronic asthma?

    <p>Symptoms include coughing particularly at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of bromhexine in relation to mucus?

    <p>It disrupts acid mucopolysaccharide fibers in mucus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mucolytics stimulates the synthesis and release of surfactant?

    <p>Ambroxol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature does acetylcysteine possess that aids in reducing mucus viscosity?

    <p>It contains free sulfhydryl (-SH) groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a therapeutic use of mucolytics?

    <p>Peptic ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is commonly associated with the use of potassium iodide as an expectorant?

    <p>Skin eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of expectorants in respiratory therapy?

    <p>To promote hydration and facilitate secretion removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug acts indirectly on mucus rather than directly affecting its structure?

    <p>Carbocysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity?

    <p>N-acetylcysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk of long-term use of certain opioids?

    <p>Increased drug dependency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is particularly at risk for respiratory depression from codeine use?

    <p>Children under 5 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of dextromethorphan as an opioid isomer?

    <p>Central antitussive action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may occur with high doses of dextromethorphan?

    <p>Neuropsychiatric effects like hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do mucolytics specifically do?

    <p>Reduce viscosity without increasing secretion amount</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of opioids mentioned in the content?

    <p>Drowsiness and constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dextromethorphan?

    <p>It has a significant analgesic action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about bromhexine is accurate?

    <p>It alters mucus viscosity in the respiratory secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cough receptors are specialized stretch receptors located in the bronchial mucosa.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic cough is typically defined as lasting longer than four weeks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is recognized as a common cause of chronic cough.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Post-nasal drip is an uncommon cause of upper airway cough syndrome.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bronchial asthma is the most common cause of chronic cough, following upper airway cough syndrome.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute cough is most frequently caused by allergic rhinitis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The afferent impulses from cough receptors travel to the cough center in the medulla via the sympathetic nerve.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic sinusitis is a condition that may not lead to a chronic cough.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specific treatment for cough includes using antibiotics for respiratory infections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antitussives are primarily used to enhance the frequency of coughing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mucolytics are used in productive coughs to facilitate the removal of bronchial secretions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhaling steam with menthol is considered ineffective for acute cough relief.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peripheral antitussives increase afferent impulses of the cough reflex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aspirin is an example of a specific treatment method for cough management.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expectorants are utilized to suppress cough frequency during non-productive coughs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steam inhalation is one of the recommended methods for treating acute cough.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Benzonatate is chemically related to the local anesthetic procaine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Central antitussives inhibit cough receptors at the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opioids like codeine and hydrocodone are recommended for cough suppression due to their minimal side effects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Menthol helps moisturize dry air passages and flush out mucus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effectiveness of added medication for cough is clinically proven.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peripheral antitussives act by depressing cough centers in the medulla.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dextromethorphan, when taken in high doses, could lead to hallucinogenic effects.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrocodone is a synthetic derivative of morphine used to treat cough.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Codeine is recommended for children less than 5 years old due to its effectiveness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dextromethorphan has a higher addiction liability compared to other opioids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bromhexine primarily increases the amount of respiratory secretions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary action of dextromethorphan is centrally suppressing coughing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children are generally less susceptible to the side effects of opioids like codeine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High doses of dextromethorphan can lead to neuropsychiatric effects such as hallucinations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mucolytics are agents that increase the viscosity of respiratory secretions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory depression is a serious concern when using large doses of opioids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bromhexine is beneficial for patients with peptic ulcers due to its mucolytic properties.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ambroxol enhances the synthesis and release of surfactant, which helps reduce mucus adhesion to the bronchial wall.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcysteine acts directly on the structural components of mucus to reduce its viscosity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expectorants increase the viscosity of respiratory secretions to facilitate easier removal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcysteine is used intravenously as an antidote for paracetamol toxicity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iodides can stimulate production of watery mucous but may also cause side effects like painful salivary swelling.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbocysteine provides a more direct action on mucus compared to acetylcysteine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic respiratory diseases such as bronchiectasis can benefit from the use of mucolytics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does menthol impact the respiratory system?

    <p>Menthol helps flush out mucus and moisturizes dry, irritated air passages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the mechanism through which benzonatate operates.

    <p>Benzonatate depresses peripheral cough receptors in the lungs through local anesthetic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between opioids and doses used for cough suppression?

    <p>Opioids inhibit the cough center in the medulla at lower doses than those required for analgesia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes central antitussives from peripheral antitussives?

    <p>Central antitussives inhibit the cough center in the medulla, while peripheral antitussives act on cough receptors in the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain why the use of opioids for cough suppression is generally not recommended.

    <p>Opioids are generally not recommended due to their adverse effects, including the risk of dependence and respiratory depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the chemical classification of benzonatate.

    <p>Benzonatate is chemically related to glycerol derivatives and local anesthetics like procaine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What local effect does benzonatate have on the cough reflex?

    <p>Benzonatate produces a local anesthetic effect that reduces the sensitivity of cough receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Summarize the role of central antitussives in cough management.

    <p>Central antitussives inhibit the neuronal activity in the cough center located in the medulla.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are traditional expectorants known to be ineffective for in clinical use?

    <p>Traditional expectorants are often considered ineffective in the dosages found in most over-the-counter preparations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic inflammation contribute to the pathology of asthma?

    <p>Chronic inflammation leads to the infiltration of bronchial walls by inflammatory cells, which release various cytokines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common symptoms are associated with asthma episodes?

    <p>Asthma episodes commonly include wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two inflammatory mediators released during asthma pathology?

    <p>Histamine and leukotrienes are examples of inflammatory mediators released during asthma pathology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does acute exposure to allergens influence asthma pathology?

    <p>Acute exposure to allergens triggers the infiltration of inflammatory cells in bronchial walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are over-the-counter herbal remedies for cough considered questionable?

    <p>The efficacy of many over-the-counter herbal remedies for cough is regarded as doubtful due to insufficient evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cytokines play in the context of asthma?

    <p>Cytokines are involved in the inflammatory response, contributing to airway obstruction in asthma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of bronchial asthma as a disease?

    <p>Bronchial asthma is characterized as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key symptoms of chronic asthma that would indicate a patient's condition?

    <p>The key symptoms of chronic asthma include dyspnea, chest tightness, coughing, and expiratory wheezing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do genetic factors contribute to the development of asthma in individuals?

    <p>Genetic factors contribute to asthma as it often occurs in families with a history of allergies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of asthma, what percentage of patients may have psychological factors affecting their condition?

    <p>Psychological factors are present in approximately 40% of asthmatics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of increased mucus secretion in asthmatic patients?

    <p>Increased mucus secretion leads to difficulty in expelling mucus, resulting in airway obstruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant predisposing factor linked to recurrent respiratory infections and asthma?

    <p>The most significant predisposing factor for asthma is the history of recurrent respiratory infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes chronic asthma from acute asthma episodes in terms of clinical presentation?

    <p>Chronic asthma features persistent symptoms like nighttime cough and wheezing, unlike acute episodes which may be sudden.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific mechanism does N-acetylcysteine use to reduce mucus viscosity?

    <p>N-acetylcysteine breaks disulfide bonds in mucus due to its free sulfhydryl (-SH) groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ambroxol aid in respiratory health beyond its mucolytic properties?

    <p>Ambroxol stimulates the synthesis and release of surfactant by type II pneumocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant contraindication for the use of bromhexine?

    <p>Bromhexine should be avoided in patients with peptic ulcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does carbocysteine differ from acetylcysteine in its action on mucus?

    <p>Carbocysteine does not act directly on mucus but affects its structural components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two therapeutic uses of mucolytics as mentioned.

    <p>Mucolytics are used in chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effects are commonly associated with potassium iodide as an expectorant?

    <p>Common side effects include a metallic taste and painful salivary swelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of expectorants in respiratory therapy?

    <p>Expectorants increase the water content and amount of respiratory secretions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique role of intravenous N-acetylcysteine aside from its mucolytic activity?

    <p>It is used as an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main adverse effects associated with the long-term use of opioids like codeine?

    <p>The main adverse effects include drowsiness, constipation, and the potential for drug dependence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is dextromethorphan considered an effective antitussive compared to traditional opioids?

    <p>Dextromethorphan has selective central antitussive action with fewer opioid effects and lower addiction liability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does bromhexine impact respiratory mucus?

    <p>Bromhexine acts on the mucus at its formative stages to reduce its viscosity without increasing the volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique characteristic of children under 5 years old affects their use of codeine?

    <p>Children under 5 are more sensitive to respiratory depression caused by codeine, making it not recommended for them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurological effects can result from high doses of dextromethorphan?

    <p>High doses of dextromethorphan can lead to neuropsychiatric effects such as sedation and hallucinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define mucolytics and their primary function in managing respiratory secretions.

    <p>Mucolytics are agents that reduce the viscosity of respiratory secretions without increasing their amount.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of respiratory depression in patients using opioids, especially at high doses?

    <p>Respiratory depression can lead to inadequate breathing and increased risk of overdose, especially in high doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the structure of dextromethorphan differentiate it from traditional opioids?

    <p>Dextromethorphan is a synthetic L-isomer of opioids, designed to have minimal opioid effects and lower addiction risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specific treatment for cough is directed to the ______ of cough.

    <p>cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antitussives are used to stop ______ cough.

    <p>dry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mucolytics and expectorants are used in ______ cough to liquefy bronchial secretions.

    <p>productive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antitussives reduce the frequency or ______ of coughing.

    <p>intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steam inhalation with menthol is one of the best ways to relieve ______ cough.

    <p>acute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peripheral antitussives decrease afferent impulses of the ______ reflex.

    <p>cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhaling ______ steam can be an effective way to relieve acute cough.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-specific treatments include antitussives, mucolytics, and ______.

    <p>expectorants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adverse effects of opioids may include drowsiness and ______.

    <p>constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Codeine is not recommended for children less than ______ years old.

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dextromethorphan is a synthetic ______ of opioids.

    <p>L-isomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High doses of dextromethorphan can cause ______ effects, such as sedation.

    <p>neuropsychiatric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mucolytics reduce the viscosity of respiratory secretions without increasing their ______.

    <p>amount</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bromhexine acts on the mucus at the ______ stages within the mucus-secreting cells.

    <p>formative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children are more sensitive to respiratory ______ when using opioids.

    <p>depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dextromethorphan has very few opioid effects, such as less addiction liability and analgesic ______.

    <p>action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Benzonatate is chemically related to the local anesthetic ______.

    <p>procaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Central antitussives inhibit cough centers in the ______.

    <p>medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The efficacy of added medication is ______.

    <p>not proved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opioids like codeine and hydrocodone directly inhibit the cough center in the ______.

    <p>medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Menthol helps flush out mucus and moisturizes dry, irritated air ______.

    <p>passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Benzonatate depresses peripheral cough receptors at the ______.

    <p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    They are generally not recommended because of ______ effects.

    <p>adverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Codeine and hydrocodone are natural derivatives of ______.

    <p>morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic asthma is characterized by dyspnea, chest tightness, coughing, and expiratory ______.

    <p>wheezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A significant predisposing factor for asthma is a positive family history of ______.

    <p>allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased mucus secretion in asthma is difficult to ______.

    <p>expel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychological factors are present in ______% of asthmatics.

    <p>40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic asthma symptoms may occur particularly at ______.

    <p>night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recurrent respiratory infections are considered the most important ______ for asthma.

    <p>factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bromhexine should be avoided in patients with ______.

    <p>peptic ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ambroxol stimulates synthesis and release of ______ by type II pneumocytes.

    <p>surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcysteine reduces mucus viscosity by breaking ______ bonds.

    <p>disulfide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intravenous N-acetylcysteine is used as an antidote for ______ toxicity.

    <p>acetaminophen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Potassium iodide accumulates in the bronchial glands and stimulates secretion of low viscosity ______.

    <p>watery mucous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guaifenesin is one of the most widely used over-the-counter (______) expectorants.

    <p>OTC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mucolytics are specifically used to facilitate the removal of ______ secretions.

    <p>bronchial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbocysteine affects the structural components of ______ instead of acting directly on it.

    <p>mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to asthma with their descriptions:

    <p>Chronic inflammatory disorder = Asthma Inflammatory cytokine = Histamine Major symptom = Wheezing Airway obstruction = Airflow limitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of expectorants with their key features:

    <p>Ammonium chloride = Traditional expectorant Tincture of ipecacuanha = Herbal remedy Efficacy in OTC preparations = Doubtful Role in bronchial secretion = Increase fluid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to inflammatory cells with their actions:

    <p>Acute inflammatory cells = Release histamine Chronic inflammatory cells = Release cytokines Allergic stimuli = Infiltrate bronchial wall Inflammatory mediators = Cause bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cough treatment type with its primary function:

    <p>Antitussives = Reduce the frequency or intensity of coughing Mucolytics = Liquefy bronchial secretions Expectorants = Facilitate the removal of respiratory mucus Steam inhalation = Provide relief for acute cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms with their associated effects in asthma:

    <p>Histamine release = Bronchoconstriction Adenosine involvement = Inflammatory response Prostaglandins (PGs) = Airway hypersensitivity Leukotrienes (LTs) = Mucus secretion increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cough medication with its specific application:

    <p>Codeine = Suppress cough reflex in severe cases Dextromethorphan = Non-opioid cough suppressant Benzonatate = Anesthesia of the throat to reduce cough Potassium iodide = Expectorant for thinning mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with their corresponding elements in asthma management:

    <p>Airflow obstruction = Recurrent wheezing Chest tightness = Symptom of asthma Coughing episodes = Common asthmatic symptom Chronic inflammation = Pathogenesis of asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cough characteristics with their definitions:

    <p>Acute cough = Lasts shorter than four weeks Chronic cough = Persists for more than four weeks Productive cough = Involves the expulsion of mucus Dry cough = No mucus production during coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects of bronchial fluid to their descriptions:

    <p>Bronchial fluid secretion = Increased by expectorants Cough mixtures = Often contain herbs Dosage efficacy = Doubtful in many preparations Chronic asthma = Inflammatory response mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match these bronchial asthma features with their outcomes:

    <p>Frequent allergic exposure = Infiltration of bronchial wall Release of cytokines = Act on airway cells Recurrent episodes = Breathlessness Coughing = Indicator of asthma exacerbation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cough treatment category with its example:

    <p>Specific treatment = Antibiotics for respiratory infections Non-specific treatment = Antitussives for dry cough Expectorants = Mucolytics for productive cough Peripheral antitussives = Drugs that reduce cough reflex impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of cough treatment with its mechanism:

    <p>Antitussives = Decrease afferent impulses to cough center Mucolytics = Break down mucus viscosity Expectorants = Aid in clearance of mucus from airways Benzonatate = Numbs throat to lessen cough reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding functions related to bronchial asthma:

    <p>Coughing = Involuntary response to irritation Wheezing = Sound during airflow obstruction Chest tightness = Feeling of pressure Shortness of breath = Difficulty in breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the drug to its primary effect on cough:

    <p>Menthol = Soothes irritated air passages Guaifenesin = Promotes expectoration of mucus Acetylcysteine = Reduces mucus thickness Hydrocodone = Suppresses cough via central action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the characteristic of cough treatments with their implications:

    <p>Peripheral antitussives = Target the cough reflex peripheral pathways Central antitussives = Act directly on the brain’s cough center Expectorants = Improve mucus clearance from the lungs Mucolytics = Assist in making mucus less thick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of cough with its potential causes:

    <p>Acute cough = Allergic rhinitis Chronic cough = Gastroesophageal reflux disease Dry cough = Post-nasal drip Productive cough = Respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cough medications with their mechanism of action:

    <p>Benzonatate = Depresses peripheral cough receptors Codeine = Inhibits cough center in the medulla Dextromethorphan = Inhibits cough reflex at higher doses Menthol = Helps flush out mucus and moisturizes air passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with the corresponding medications:

    <p>Codeine = Natural derivative of morphine Benzonatate = Related to local anesthetic procaine Hydrocodone = Directly inhibits the cough center Menthol = Commonly used to relieve dry, irritated airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms associated with cough treatment with their definitions:

    <p>Central antitussives = Inhibit cough center in the medulla Peripheral antitussives = Depress cough receptors at the lungs Expectorants = Facilitate removal of bronchial secretions Mucolytics = Reduce the viscosity of mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following adverse effects with the corresponding cough medications:

    <p>Codeine = Respiratory depression Hydrocodone = Generally not recommended Benzonatate = Potential for misleading efficacy Menthol = May be ineffective for acute relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their indications:

    <p>Benzonatate = Cough suppression Codeine = Chronic cough management Hydrocodone = Severe cough relief Menthol = Moisturizing dry air passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following qualities with the corresponding cough medications:

    <p>Benzonatate = Local anesthetic effect Codeine = Inhibit medullary cough center Dextromethorphan = Used in lower doses Hydrocodone = Natural morphine derivative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics to the respective cough treatment categories:

    <p>Peripheral antitussives = Act on cough receptors in the lungs Central antitussives = Target the medulla of the brain Expectorants = Enhance mucus clearance Mucolytics = Alter mucus structure and viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following chemical affiliations with the corresponding medications:

    <p>Benzonatate = Glycerol derivative Codeine = Derivative of morphine Hydrocodone = Related to opioid class Menthol = Plant-based compound for soothing effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of cough with its description:

    <p>Acute cough = Lasts less than 8 weeks Chronic cough = Persists for more than 4 weeks Upper airway cough syndrome = Caused by post-nasal drip Bronchial asthma = Second most common cause of chronic cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the condition with its related cause:

    <p>Chronic cough = Chronic sinusitis Acute cough = Respiratory infection GERD = Gastroesophageal reflux disease Bronchial asthma = Hypersensitivity of airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the mechanism with its relevant component:

    <p>Cough receptors = Specialized stretch receptors in bronchia Afferent impulses = Travel to the cough center in the medulla Vagus nerve = Transmits impulses from cough receptors Cough reflex = Triggered by stimulation of cough receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of reflex with its characteristic:

    <p>Cough reflex = Protective mechanism to clear airways Stretch reflex = Involves muscle spindle receptors Withdrawal reflex = Response to painful stimuli Simple reflex = Involves one synapse in neural pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the substance with its effect on cough:

    <p>Antitussives = Suppress cough reflex Expectorants = Aid in mucus clearance Mucolytics = Reduce mucus viscosity Opioids = Plateau cough frequency at low doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the chronic cough cause with its other name:

    <p>Upper airway cough syndrome = Post-nasal drip syndrome Bronchial asthma = Asthmatic cough Gastroesophageal reflux = Acid reflux cough Chronic sinusitis = Sinus infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the duration with cough classification:

    <p>Less than 3 weeks = Acute cough 4 to 8 weeks = Subacute cough More than 8 weeks = Chronic cough Intermittent = Cough that occurs sporadically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the medical condition with its typical demographic:

    <p>Bronchial asthma = Common in children Chronic cough from GERD = Middle-aged adults Acute cough from infections = Any age group Chronic cough from sinusitis = Older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their descriptions related to asthma:

    <p>Recurrence of respiratory infection = Most important predisposing factor Genetic factors = Occurs in families with positive allergy history Psychological factors = Present in 40% of asthmatics Chronic asthma symptoms = Dyspnea, chest tightness, coughing at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory pathology effects with their outcomes:

    <p>Hypertrophy of airway smooth muscle = Increased airway resistance Increased mucus secretion = Difficult to expel Congestion of respiratory mucosa = Breathlessness and obstruction Edema of respiratory mucosa = Inflammation and further narrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms of chronic asthma with their characteristics:

    <p>Dyspnea = Feeling of breathlessness Chest tightness = Feeling of constriction in the chest Coughing at night = Disturbs sleep and is persistent Expiratory wheezing = High-pitched whistling sound during exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their related definitions in the context of asthma:

    <p>Mucus secretion = Increases due to inflammation Airway smooth muscle = Undergoes hypertrophy in chronic cases Respiratory mucosa = Site of congestion in asthmatics Coughing = Common at night due to airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the type of asthma symptom they describe:

    <p>Chronic cough = Often worsens at night Wheezing = Commonly sounds like a whistle Chest tightness = Can lead to anxiety Dyspnea = May require immediate intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following predisposing factors with their implications for asthma development:

    <p>Recurrence of respiratory infections = Significantly enhances risk Genetic predisposition = Familial tendency towards asthma Psychological stress = Found in a sizable proportion of patients Environmental triggers = Can exacerbate existing conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Treatment of Cough

    • Specific treatment targets underlying causes, such as antibiotics for respiratory infections.
    • Non-specific treatments include:
      • Antitussives: used to suppress dry cough.
      • Mucolytics and expectorants: used for productive cough to liquefy and facilitate removal of bronchial secretions.

    Cough Suppressants (Antitussives)

    • Definition: Drugs that reduce frequency or intensity of coughing.
    • Peripheral antitussives decrease afferent impulses of the cough reflex.
    • Steam inhalation (with or without menthol) is effective for relieving acute cough; it moistens dry air passages.
    • Benzonatate acts as a peripheral cough suppressant by numbing lung receptors.
    • Central antitussives inhibit the cough center in the medulla, including opioids like codeine and hydrocodone.
    • Opioids suppress cough at lower doses than those needed for pain relief but pose risks like drowsiness, constipation, and respiratory depression, especially in young children.
    • Dextromethorphan is a synthetic opioid isomer with limited opioid effects but can cause sedation and hallucinations in high doses.

    Mucolytics

    • Definition: Agents that reduce viscosity of respiratory secretions without increasing their volume.
    • Bromhexine: disrupts acid mucopolysaccharide fibers, producing less viscous mucus; should be avoided in peptic ulcer patients.
    • Ambroxol: stimulates surfactant synthesis, reducing mucus adhesion to the bronchial wall.
    • N-Acetylcysteine: breaks disulfide bonds in mucus, reducing viscosity, and is an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity.
    • Carbocysteine: affects structural components of mucus without directly acting on it.

    Expectorants

    • Definition: Drugs that increase water content and volume of respiratory secretions to facilitate removal.
    • Adequate hydration is crucial for effective expectoration; expectorants complement hydration efforts.
    • Potassium iodide stimulates secretion of low viscosity mucus but has numerous side effects, such as metallic taste and skin reactions.
    • Guaifenesin is widely used; it promotes mucus secretion but can lead to airway smooth muscle hypertrophy and congestion.

    Predisposing Factors for Respiratory Issues

    • Recurrent respiratory infections are major predisposing factors.
    • Genetic predispositions, including family history of asthma, can increase risk.
    • Psychological factors may be present in about 40% of asthmatics.

    Clinical Presentation of Chronic Asthma

    • Symptoms include dyspnea, chest tightness, coughing (especially at night), and expiratory wheezing.

    Cough Overview

    • Coughing is a prevalent symptom in clinical practice, triggered by irritation in the bronchial mucosa.
    • Specialized stretch receptors called "Cough" receptors initiate the cough reflex when stimulated, sending impulses to the cough center in the medulla via the vagus nerve.
    • Cough can be acute (lasting up to eight weeks) or chronic, with various underlying causes.

    Causes of Cough

    • Acute Cough: Most commonly caused by respiratory infections.
    • Chronic Cough:
      • Upper airway cough syndrome (post-nasal drip) is primarily due to allergic rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, or tonsillitis and is the leading cause of chronic cough.
      • Bronchial asthma is the second most common cause.
      • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other causes include ACE inhibitors, lung tumors, and congestive heart failure (CHF).

    Management of Cough

    • Treatment is specific to the underlying cause, such as using antibiotics for respiratory infections.
    • Non-specific treatments include:
      • Antitussives: Medications to suppress dry cough.
      • Mucolytics and Expectorants: Help in productive cough by liquefying bronchial secretions for easier removal.

    Antitussives

    • Definition: Drugs that reduce the frequency and intensity of coughing.
    • Peripheral Antitussives: Reduce afferent impulses to the cough reflex; steam inhalation with menthol or benzoin can relieve acute cough.
    • Benzonatate: A local anesthetic that depresses peripheral cough receptors.
    • Central Antitussives: Inhibit the cough center in the medulla; opioids like codeine and hydrocodone directly inhibit coughing but have significant side effects.
      • Common side effects include drowsiness, constipation, and potential respiratory depression, particularly dangerous for children under five.

    Mucolytics

    • Definition: Agents that reduce the viscosity of respiratory secretions without increasing their volume.
    • Bromhexine: Disrupts mucopolysaccharide fibers in mucus, making it less viscous and easier to expel; avoid in patients with peptic ulcers.
    • Ambroxol: Stimulates surfactant production, decreasing mucus adhesion in the bronchial walls.
    • N-Acetylcysteine and Carbocysteine:
      • N-Acetylcysteine breaks disulfide bonds in mucus, reducing viscosity.
      • Carbocysteine influences mucus's structural components but does not act directly on the mucus.

    Therapeutic Uses of Mucolytics

    • Effective for chronic respiratory diseases, postoperative pulmonary complications, chronic sinusitis, and chronic otitis media.
    • N-acetylcysteine is utilized as an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity aside from its mucolytic function.

    Expectorants

    • Definition: Drugs that increase the water content and volume of respiratory secretions, aiding in their removal.
    • Key Points:
      • Adequate hydration is essential for effective expectoration.
      • Potassium Iodide: Stimulates secretion of watery mucus but can cause side effects like metallic taste and salivary gland swelling.
      • Guaifenesin: A widely used over-the-counter expectorant that aids in loosening mucus.

    Cough Suppressants

    • Menthol aids in flushing out mucus and moisturizes dry, irritated air passages.
    • Benzonatate, a glycerol derivative, acts as a local anesthetic by depressing peripheral cough receptors in the lungs.
    • Central antitussives inhibit the cough center in the medulla.
    • Opioids, like codeine and hydrocodone, are natural derivatives that inhibit the cough center at low doses but have adverse effects including drowsiness, constipation, and potential respiratory depression, particularly in children under 5.
    • Dextromethorphan is a synthetic opioid isomer with selective central antitussive action and fewer opioid effects, though high doses may lead to neuropsychiatric issues.

    Mucolytics

    • Agents that reduce the viscosity of respiratory secretions without increasing their quantity.
    • Bromhexine disrupts mucous structure, making it less viscous and easier to expel; should be avoided in patients with peptic ulcers due to gastric mucosal barrier disruption.
    • Ambroxol stimulates surfactant synthesis, reducing mucus adhesion to bronchial walls.
    • N-acetylcysteine breaks disulfide bonds in mucus, while carbocysteine modifies mucus structure without acting directly on it.
    • Mucolytics are used in chronic respiratory diseases and can serve as an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity.

    Expectorants

    • Drugs that increase water content in respiratory secretions to facilitate their removal.
    • Adequate hydration is crucial for expectoration effectiveness.
    • Potassium iodide stimulates the secretion of low viscosity mucus but has side effects like a metallic taste and salivary gland issues.
    • Guaifenesin is a popular OTC expectorant, increasing bronchial fluid secretion.
    • Traditional expectorants may lack efficacy, particularly in OTC cough mixtures.

    Asthma Therapy

    • Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder leading to airflow obstruction and recurrent respiratory symptoms.
    • Frequent exposure to allergens causes inflammatory cell infiltration in bronchial walls, releasing cytokines like histamine and leukotrienes.
    • Effects include airway smooth muscle hypertrophy, increased mucus production, and mucosal congestion.
    • Predisposing factors include recurrent respiratory infections, genetic history of allergies, and psychological factors present in a significant portion of asthmatics.
    • Clinical presentation includes dyspnea, chest tightness, nighttime coughing, and wheezing.

    Treatment of Cough

    • Specific treatment targets underlying causes, such as antibiotics for respiratory infections.
    • Non-specific treatments include:
      • Antitussives: used to suppress dry cough.
      • Mucolytics and expectorants: used for productive cough to liquefy and facilitate removal of bronchial secretions.

    Cough Suppressants (Antitussives)

    • Definition: Drugs that reduce frequency or intensity of coughing.
    • Peripheral antitussives decrease afferent impulses of the cough reflex.
    • Steam inhalation (with or without menthol) is effective for relieving acute cough; it moistens dry air passages.
    • Benzonatate acts as a peripheral cough suppressant by numbing lung receptors.
    • Central antitussives inhibit the cough center in the medulla, including opioids like codeine and hydrocodone.
    • Opioids suppress cough at lower doses than those needed for pain relief but pose risks like drowsiness, constipation, and respiratory depression, especially in young children.
    • Dextromethorphan is a synthetic opioid isomer with limited opioid effects but can cause sedation and hallucinations in high doses.

    Mucolytics

    • Definition: Agents that reduce viscosity of respiratory secretions without increasing their volume.
    • Bromhexine: disrupts acid mucopolysaccharide fibers, producing less viscous mucus; should be avoided in peptic ulcer patients.
    • Ambroxol: stimulates surfactant synthesis, reducing mucus adhesion to the bronchial wall.
    • N-Acetylcysteine: breaks disulfide bonds in mucus, reducing viscosity, and is an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity.
    • Carbocysteine: affects structural components of mucus without directly acting on it.

    Expectorants

    • Definition: Drugs that increase water content and volume of respiratory secretions to facilitate removal.
    • Adequate hydration is crucial for effective expectoration; expectorants complement hydration efforts.
    • Potassium iodide stimulates secretion of low viscosity mucus but has numerous side effects, such as metallic taste and skin reactions.
    • Guaifenesin is widely used; it promotes mucus secretion but can lead to airway smooth muscle hypertrophy and congestion.

    Predisposing Factors for Respiratory Issues

    • Recurrent respiratory infections are major predisposing factors.
    • Genetic predispositions, including family history of asthma, can increase risk.
    • Psychological factors may be present in about 40% of asthmatics.

    Clinical Presentation of Chronic Asthma

    • Symptoms include dyspnea, chest tightness, coughing (especially at night), and expiratory wheezing.

    Cough Overview

    • Cough is a common clinical symptom originating in the bronchial mucosa due to irritation.
    • Specialized stretch receptors, known as "cough" receptors, stimulate a reflex response through afferent impulses via the vagus nerve to the cough center in the medulla.
    • Coughs can be classified as acute (lasting up to 8 weeks) or chronic.

    Causes of Cough

    • Acute Cough: Most commonly caused by respiratory infections.
    • Chronic Cough:
      • Upper airway cough syndrome (post-nasal drip) due to allergic rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, or tonsillitis is the most frequent cause.
      • Bronchial asthma is the second most common cause.
      • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other causes include ACE inhibitors, lung tumors, and congestive heart failure (CHF).

    Management of Cough

    • Specific treatment targets the underlying cause, e.g., antibiotics for respiratory infections.
    • Non-specific treatments:
      • Antitussives: Used to suppress dry cough.
      • Mucolytics and Expectorants: Help liquefy bronchial secretions for productive cough.

    Cough Suppressants (Antitussives)

    • Definition: Drugs that decrease the frequency or intensity of coughing.
    • Peripheral Antitussives: Decrease afferent impulses of the cough reflex.
      • Steam inhalation with menthol or tincture benzoin compound is effective for acute cough relief, loosening mucus and hydrating air passages.
    • Benzonatate: A glycerol derivative, acts locally to suppress cough receptors in the lung.
    • Central Antitussives: Inhibit the cough center in the medulla.
      • Opioids (codeine and hydrocodone) are effective at low doses but have adverse effects; they inhibit the cough center directly.

    Expectants

    • Traditional expectorants (e.g., ammonium chloride, tincture of ipecacuanha, herbal remedies) are included in various OTC cough mixtures, though their efficacy, particularly at typical dosages, is often questioned.

    Bronchial Asthma Overview

    • Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, leading to airflow obstruction and recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing.

    Pathogenesis of Asthma

    • Repeated exposure to allergens causes infiltration of inflammatory cells in the bronchial wall, releasing cytokines (e.g., histamine, adenosine).
    • Results in airway smooth muscle hypertrophy, increased mucus production that is hard to expel, and congestion/edema of respiratory mucosa.

    Predisposing Factors

    • Recurrant Respiratory Infections: Key contributing factor to asthma development.
    • Genetic Factors: Families with a history of allergies show higher asthma prevalence.
    • Psychological Factors: Present in around 40% of asthmatic individuals.

    Clinical Presentation of Chronic Asthma

    • Symptoms include dyspnea (difficulty breathing), chest tightness, persistent cough (especially at night), and expiratory wheezing.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the management of cough, including specific treatments directed at the underlying causes like respiratory infections. Non-specific treatments such as antitussives will also be covered. Test your knowledge on effective cough management strategies.

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