Podcast
Questions and Answers
Where do the mammary glands of cows, sheep, goats, and horses typically located?
Where do the mammary glands of cows, sheep, goats, and horses typically located?
- In the inguinal region (correct)
- In the thoracic region
- Spread throughout the ventral aspect of the trunk
- In the abdominal region
How many inguinal glands with gland openings/teat do mares typically have?
How many inguinal glands with gland openings/teat do mares typically have?
- 2 inguinal glands with 1 gland opening/teat (correct)
- 4 inguinal glands with 1 gland opening/teat
- 3 inguinal glands with 2 gland openings/teat
- 1 inguinal gland with 2 gland openings/teat
In ruminants and horses, what are the mammary glands and teats collectively known as?
In ruminants and horses, what are the mammary glands and teats collectively known as?
- Ectoderm
- Mammary papillae
- Mammary lines
- Udder (correct)
Where are the most productive mammary pairs located in sows?
Where are the most productive mammary pairs located in sows?
Which hormone secreted by the testes in male embryos induces atrophy of the mammary buds?
Which hormone secreted by the testes in male embryos induces atrophy of the mammary buds?
During prenatal development, the mammary bud sinks into the __________ precursor and expands to form a rudimentary duct system.
During prenatal development, the mammary bud sinks into the __________ precursor and expands to form a rudimentary duct system.
What is the most common mammary anomaly in newborns?
What is the most common mammary anomaly in newborns?
What is formed under the control of sex-related hormones during the onset of puberty?
What is formed under the control of sex-related hormones during the onset of puberty?
What provides the supporting connective tissue and vascular supply for the mammary glands?
What provides the supporting connective tissue and vascular supply for the mammary glands?
Which depression do multiple lactiferous ducts open into in humans during prenatal development?
Which depression do multiple lactiferous ducts open into in humans during prenatal development?
What serves as a reservoir for milk just before entering the teat?
What serves as a reservoir for milk just before entering the teat?
How many thoracic pairs do bitches have according to the given text?
How many thoracic pairs do bitches have according to the given text?
What are formed by focal condensation and thickening of the ectoderm and subyacente mesenchyme along the mammary ridge?
What are formed by focal condensation and thickening of the ectoderm and subyacente mesenchyme along the mammary ridge?
What hormone plays a leading role in mammary development according to the given text?
What hormone plays a leading role in mammary development according to the given text?
How many mammary openings are situated on the tip of each teat in bitches according to the given text?
How many mammary openings are situated on the tip of each teat in bitches according to the given text?
What is the most common mammary anomaly in newborns?
What is the most common mammary anomaly in newborns?
What hormone induces atrophy of the mammary buds in male embryos according to the given text?
What hormone induces atrophy of the mammary buds in male embryos according to the given text?
Where do multiple lactiferous ducts open into during prenatal development in humans?
Where do multiple lactiferous ducts open into during prenatal development in humans?
What serves as a reservoir for milk just before entering the teat?
What serves as a reservoir for milk just before entering the teat?
During pregnancy, under the influence of increased levels of estrogen and progesterone, what forms the mammary gland alveoli?
During pregnancy, under the influence of increased levels of estrogen and progesterone, what forms the mammary gland alveoli?
What is the location of the mammary glands in mares?
What is the location of the mammary glands in mares?
How many mammary openings are situated on the tip of each teat in cats according to the given text?
How many mammary openings are situated on the tip of each teat in cats according to the given text?
Where are the most productive thoracic pairs located in sows?
Where are the most productive thoracic pairs located in sows?
What is the collective term for the mammary glands and teats in ruminants and horses?
What is the collective term for the mammary glands and teats in ruminants and horses?
Where are the mammary glands of pigs and carnivores typically spread throughout?
Where are the mammary glands of pigs and carnivores typically spread throughout?
What is the medical term for the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum?
What is the medical term for the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum?
In males, under the influence of testosterone, what do the genital swellings become?
In males, under the influence of testosterone, what do the genital swellings become?
What do the urogenital folds beneath the genital tubercle become in females?
What do the urogenital folds beneath the genital tubercle become in females?
What is the equivalent of labia minora in most domestic mammals?
What is the equivalent of labia minora in most domestic mammals?
What forms the glans of the clitoris in females?
What forms the glans of the clitoris in females?
Which hormone influences the differentiation of male external genitalia?
Which hormone influences the differentiation of male external genitalia?
What does the urogenital orifice become in females?
What does the urogenital orifice become in females?
What gives rise to the specific components of the phallus in males?
What gives rise to the specific components of the phallus in males?
What forms the scrotum in males?
What forms the scrotum in males?
What does the genital tubercle become under the absence of testosterone (female scenario)?
What does the genital tubercle become under the absence of testosterone (female scenario)?
During which period of development are the primordial genital structures identical in the two sexes?
During which period of development are the primordial genital structures identical in the two sexes?
What indicates male and female genetic sex in mammals?
What indicates male and female genetic sex in mammals?
What is the precursor of the reproductive and urinary organs according to the text?
What is the precursor of the reproductive and urinary organs according to the text?
What process is preceded by the formation of temporary undifferentiated structures in the embryo?
What process is preceded by the formation of temporary undifferentiated structures in the embryo?
What is the medical term for the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum?
What is the medical term for the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum?
What forms the glans of the clitoris in females?
What forms the glans of the clitoris in females?
Where are the mammary glands of pigs and carnivores typically spread throughout?
Where are the mammary glands of pigs and carnivores typically spread throughout?
Which hormone plays a leading role in mammary development according to the given text?
Which hormone plays a leading role in mammary development according to the given text?
What hormone induces atrophy of the mammary buds in male embryos according to the given text?
What hormone induces atrophy of the mammary buds in male embryos according to the given text?
During prenatal development, what does the urogenital orifice become in females?
During prenatal development, what does the urogenital orifice become in females?
What is formed under the control of sex-related hormones during the onset of puberty?
What is formed under the control of sex-related hormones during the onset of puberty?
What gives rise to the specific components of the phallus in males?
What gives rise to the specific components of the phallus in males?
What is the role of Müllerian inhibiting hormone (MIS) in female embryos?
What is the role of Müllerian inhibiting hormone (MIS) in female embryos?
What is the effect of testicular hormones on male embryos?
What is the effect of testicular hormones on male embryos?
What structures do the testes stimulate to develop into the epididymides, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles?
What structures do the testes stimulate to develop into the epididymides, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles?
What is responsible for the development of secondary sexual glands such as prostate and bulbourethral glands in males?
What is responsible for the development of secondary sexual glands such as prostate and bulbourethral glands in males?
What is the role of gubernaculum testis in the descent of testes?
What is the role of gubernaculum testis in the descent of testes?
What can result from cryptorchidism if both testicles are undescended?
What can result from cryptorchidism if both testicles are undescended?
What is a potential consequence of undescended testicles?
What is a potential consequence of undescended testicles?
What can be used to identify undescended testicles?
What can be used to identify undescended testicles?
What is the purpose of neutering?
What is the purpose of neutering?
When must testicular descent be completed in some species like humans?
When must testicular descent be completed in some species like humans?
What is referred to as a failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum?
What is referred to as a failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum?
What can cryptorchidism result in if left untreated in both testicles?
What can cryptorchidism result in if left untreated in both testicles?
What triggers the development of testes in genetically male embryos (XY)?
What triggers the development of testes in genetically male embryos (XY)?
In genetically female embryos (XX), what causes the development of ovaries?
In genetically female embryos (XX), what causes the development of ovaries?
What is responsible for the complete differentiation of male genital ducts and sex-specific external genitalia?
What is responsible for the complete differentiation of male genital ducts and sex-specific external genitalia?
What causes a decrease in testosterone production until the onset of puberty in males?
What causes a decrease in testosterone production until the onset of puberty in males?
What induces a second activation of Leydig cells and an increase in testosterone production required for secondary sex maturation in males?
What induces a second activation of Leydig cells and an increase in testosterone production required for secondary sex maturation in males?
Which cell population is present in gonads and originates at the gastrula stage?
Which cell population is present in gonads and originates at the gastrula stage?
What do primordial germ cells differentiate into in male embryos?
What do primordial germ cells differentiate into in male embryos?
What inhibits the development of female ducts and promotes the development of male genital ducts in male embryos?
What inhibits the development of female ducts and promotes the development of male genital ducts in male embryos?
What are the two different cell populations present in gonads?
What are the two different cell populations present in gonads?
What is responsible for suppressing the development of female ducts in male embryos?
What is responsible for suppressing the development of female ducts in male embryos?
What is activated in genetically male embryos (XY) to induce the development of testes?
What is activated in genetically male embryos (XY) to induce the development of testes?
What causes a decrease in testosterone production before puberty?
What causes a decrease in testosterone production before puberty?
What is the process that forms the ovarian medulla?
What is the process that forms the ovarian medulla?
At what stage do the oogonia stop during the prenatal period?
At what stage do the oogonia stop during the prenatal period?
What determines the reproductive life of females at birth?
What determines the reproductive life of females at birth?
From which ducts do the female genital organs develop without hormonal requirements?
From which ducts do the female genital organs develop without hormonal requirements?
What characterizes the development of the female genital tract and external genitalia in the absence of testicular influence?
What characterizes the development of the female genital tract and external genitalia in the absence of testicular influence?
What happens to remnants of mesonephric ducts in females according to the text?
What happens to remnants of mesonephric ducts in females according to the text?
At what stage do oogonia undergo mitotic activity?
At what stage do oogonia undergo mitotic activity?
What forms a single-layered cuboid epithelium around each oogonium?
What forms a single-layered cuboid epithelium around each oogonium?
What gives rise to the specific components of the phallus in males?
What gives rise to the specific components of the phallus in males?
What hormone plays a leading role in mammary development according to the given text?
What hormone plays a leading role in mammary development according to the given text?
What becomes fused to form female genital ducts?
What becomes fused to form female genital ducts?
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Study Notes
- In the absence of a Y chromosome, the primordial gonadal cords in female embryos stop growing and become disorganized, leading to the formation of the ovary.
- In the central region of the ovary, the sex cords disappear completely and are replaced by a vascular stroma, forming the ovarian medulla.
- In the cortical region, the gonadal cords that remain close to the surface are dismantled, and their constituents (primordial germinal cells and supporting cells) are reorganized to form primordial follicles.
- Primordial germinal cells differentiate into oogonia, which undergo mitotic activity during the prenatal period.
- The female supporting cells differentiate into follicular cells (granular cells), forming a single-layered cuboid epithelium around each oogonium.
- The entire population of oogonia enters the first meiotic division but stops at the prophase stage during the second third of gestation.
- At birth, the mammalian ovary has a reserve of primordial follicles, which determines the reproductive life of females.
- In the absence of testicular hormones, the female reproductive organs develop, and follicles form around the oogonia.
- The female genital ducts, including the uterine tubes, uterine horns, and the uterine body, cervix, and cranial third of the vagina, develop from the paramesonephric ducts without any hormonal requirements.
- The length of the paramesonephric ducts that become fused is species-dependent, with varying degrees of fusion among different mammals.
- Occasionally, remnants of the embryonic mesonephric ducts can be found in the wall of the vaginal vestibule in females.
- The embryo is potentially bisexual at the undifferentiated stage, with the presence of both mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts.
- The development of the female genital tract and external genitalia is predetermined in the absence of testicular influence, but recent evidence suggests that it is not a completely passive process.
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