SEM_15_Mammary Glands Development
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Questions and Answers

Where do the mammary glands of cows, sheep, goats, and horses typically located?

  • In the inguinal region (correct)
  • In the thoracic region
  • Spread throughout the ventral aspect of the trunk
  • In the abdominal region

    • How many inguinal glands with gland openings/teat do mares typically have?

  • 2 inguinal glands with 1 gland opening/teat (correct)
  • 4 inguinal glands with 1 gland opening/teat
  • 3 inguinal glands with 2 gland openings/teat
  • 1 inguinal gland with 2 gland openings/teat

    • In ruminants and horses, what are the mammary glands and teats collectively known as?

  • Ectoderm
  • Mammary papillae
  • Mammary lines
  • Udder (correct)

    • Where are the most productive mammary pairs located in sows?

    <p>Thoracic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone secreted by the testes in male embryos induces atrophy of the mammary buds?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During prenatal development, the mammary bud sinks into the __________ precursor and expands to form a rudimentary duct system.

    <p>Mesenchymal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mammary anomaly in newborns?

    <p>Polythelia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed under the control of sex-related hormones during the onset of puberty?

    <p>Terminal end buds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the supporting connective tissue and vascular supply for the mammary glands?

    <p>Associated mesenchymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which depression do multiple lactiferous ducts open into in humans during prenatal development?

    <p>Mammary pit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as a reservoir for milk just before entering the teat?

    <p>Gland sinus (ampulla)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many thoracic pairs do bitches have according to the given text?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are formed by focal condensation and thickening of the ectoderm and subyacente mesenchyme along the mammary ridge?

    <p>Primary mammary buds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone plays a leading role in mammary development according to the given text?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many mammary openings are situated on the tip of each teat in bitches according to the given text?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mammary anomaly in newborns?

    <p>Polythelia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone induces atrophy of the mammary buds in male embryos according to the given text?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do multiple lactiferous ducts open into during prenatal development in humans?

    <p>Mammary pit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as a reservoir for milk just before entering the teat?

    <p>Gland sinus (ampulla)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During pregnancy, under the influence of increased levels of estrogen and progesterone, what forms the mammary gland alveoli?

    <p>Terminal end buds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the mammary glands in mares?

    <p>Inguinal region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many mammary openings are situated on the tip of each teat in cats according to the given text?

    <p>5-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the most productive thoracic pairs located in sows?

    <p>Abdominal region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the collective term for the mammary glands and teats in ruminants and horses?

    <p>Udder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the mammary glands of pigs and carnivores typically spread throughout?

    <p>Ventral aspect of the trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum?

    <p>Cryptorchidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In males, under the influence of testosterone, what do the genital swellings become?

    <p>Penile urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the urogenital folds beneath the genital tubercle become in females?

    <p>Labia minora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of labia minora in most domestic mammals?

    <p>Labia majora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the glans of the clitoris in females?

    <p>Penile urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone influences the differentiation of male external genitalia?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the urogenital orifice become in females?

    <p>Opening of the vulva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives rise to the specific components of the phallus in males?

    <p>Mesenchyme inside the genital tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the scrotum in males?

    <p>Genital swellings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the genital tubercle become under the absence of testosterone (female scenario)?

    <p>Clitoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period of development are the primordial genital structures identical in the two sexes?

    <p>Gonadal stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates male and female genetic sex in mammals?

    <p>XY indicates male and XX denotes female</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor of the reproductive and urinary organs according to the text?

    <p>Intermediate mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is preceded by the formation of temporary undifferentiated structures in the embryo?

    <p>Sex differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum?

    <p>Cryptorchidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the glans of the clitoris in females?

    <p>Genital tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the mammary glands of pigs and carnivores typically spread throughout?

    <p>Abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays a leading role in mammary development according to the given text?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone induces atrophy of the mammary buds in male embryos according to the given text?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During prenatal development, what does the urogenital orifice become in females?

    <p>Vulvar cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed under the control of sex-related hormones during the onset of puberty?

    <p>Breast tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives rise to the specific components of the phallus in males?

    <p>Bony tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Müllerian inhibiting hormone (MIS) in female embryos?

    <p>Suppresses the development of paramesonephric ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of testicular hormones on male embryos?

    <p>Suppress the development of paramesonephric ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures do the testes stimulate to develop into the epididymides, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles?

    <p>Wolffian ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the development of secondary sexual glands such as prostate and bulbourethral glands in males?

    <p>Mesonephric ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gubernaculum testis in the descent of testes?

    <p>Keeping a canal open for the descent of testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from cryptorchidism if both testicles are undescended?

    <p>Sterility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of undescended testicles?

    <p>Increased risk of torsion and cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to identify undescended testicles?

    <p>Ultrasonography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of neutering?

    <p>Prevent problems such as torsion and cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When must testicular descent be completed in some species like humans?

    <p>Before birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as a failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum?

    <p>Cryptorchidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cryptorchidism result in if left untreated in both testicles?

    <p>Increased risk of cancer and torsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the development of testes in genetically male embryos (XY)?

    <p>Activation of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetically female embryos (XX), what causes the development of ovaries?

    <p>Absence of the Y chromosome and SRY gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the complete differentiation of male genital ducts and sex-specific external genitalia?

    <p>Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a decrease in testosterone production until the onset of puberty in males?

    <p>Differentiation of Sertoli cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What induces a second activation of Leydig cells and an increase in testosterone production required for secondary sex maturation in males?

    <p>Activation of the SRY gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell population is present in gonads and originates at the gastrula stage?

    <p>Primordial germ cells (PGCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do primordial germ cells differentiate into in male embryos?

    <p>Spermatogonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inhibits the development of female ducts and promotes the development of male genital ducts in male embryos?

    <p>Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two different cell populations present in gonads?

    <p>Primordial germ cells (PGCs) and Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for suppressing the development of female ducts in male embryos?

    <p>Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is activated in genetically male embryos (XY) to induce the development of testes?

    <p>The SRY gene on the Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a decrease in testosterone production before puberty?

    <p>Differentiation of Sertoli cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that forms the ovarian medulla?

    <p>Vascular stroma replaces the sex cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage do the oogonia stop during the prenatal period?

    <p>Prophase stage of the first meiotic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the reproductive life of females at birth?

    <p>Reserve of primordial follicles in the ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which ducts do the female genital organs develop without hormonal requirements?

    <p>Paramesonephric ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the development of the female genital tract and external genitalia in the absence of testicular influence?

    <p>Predetermined process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to remnants of mesonephric ducts in females according to the text?

    <p>Occasionally found in the wall of the vaginal vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage do oogonia undergo mitotic activity?

    <p>During the prenatal period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms a single-layered cuboid epithelium around each oogonium?

    <p>Supporting cells differentiate into follicular cells (granular cells)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives rise to the specific components of the phallus in males?

    <p>Genital tubercle becomes glans penis under influence of testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone plays a leading role in mammary development according to the given text?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What becomes fused to form female genital ducts?

    <p>Paramesonephric ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • In the absence of a Y chromosome, the primordial gonadal cords in female embryos stop growing and become disorganized, leading to the formation of the ovary.
    • In the central region of the ovary, the sex cords disappear completely and are replaced by a vascular stroma, forming the ovarian medulla.
    • In the cortical region, the gonadal cords that remain close to the surface are dismantled, and their constituents (primordial germinal cells and supporting cells) are reorganized to form primordial follicles.
    • Primordial germinal cells differentiate into oogonia, which undergo mitotic activity during the prenatal period.
    • The female supporting cells differentiate into follicular cells (granular cells), forming a single-layered cuboid epithelium around each oogonium.
    • The entire population of oogonia enters the first meiotic division but stops at the prophase stage during the second third of gestation.
    • At birth, the mammalian ovary has a reserve of primordial follicles, which determines the reproductive life of females.
    • In the absence of testicular hormones, the female reproductive organs develop, and follicles form around the oogonia.
    • The female genital ducts, including the uterine tubes, uterine horns, and the uterine body, cervix, and cranial third of the vagina, develop from the paramesonephric ducts without any hormonal requirements.
    • The length of the paramesonephric ducts that become fused is species-dependent, with varying degrees of fusion among different mammals.
    • Occasionally, remnants of the embryonic mesonephric ducts can be found in the wall of the vaginal vestibule in females.
    • The embryo is potentially bisexual at the undifferentiated stage, with the presence of both mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts.
    • The development of the female genital tract and external genitalia is predetermined in the absence of testicular influence, but recent evidence suggests that it is not a completely passive process.

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    Description

    Learn about the development of mammary glands in both sexes and their origin from the mammary ridges. Understand how mammary papillae are formed as projections from the mammary ridges.

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