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Questions and Answers
What initiates the secretory phase in the menstrual cycle?
What initiates the secretory phase in the menstrual cycle?
What happens in the absence of fertilization during the secretory phase?
What happens in the absence of fertilization during the secretory phase?
When does the secretory phase typically occur within a 28-day cycle?
When does the secretory phase typically occur within a 28-day cycle?
Which hormone is responsible for halting the menstrual cycle if fertilization occurs?
Which hormone is responsible for halting the menstrual cycle if fertilization occurs?
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What two coordinated cycles make up the female reproductive cycle?
What two coordinated cycles make up the female reproductive cycle?
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What is the main function of granulosa and theca cells in the ovarian follicles?
What is the main function of granulosa and theca cells in the ovarian follicles?
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During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the oocyte first complete its meiotic division?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the oocyte first complete its meiotic division?
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What is transformed into the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What is transformed into the corpus luteum after ovulation?
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What happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
What happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
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Which phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by the presence of the graafian follicle?
Which phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by the presence of the graafian follicle?
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Which hormones are necessary for the estradiol production by mature ovarian follicles?
Which hormones are necessary for the estradiol production by mature ovarian follicles?
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What characterizes the stratum functionalis of the endometrium?
What characterizes the stratum functionalis of the endometrium?
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What is the role of proteases, collagenases, and prostaglandins during ovulation?
What is the role of proteases, collagenases, and prostaglandins during ovulation?
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What is the first stage of development following fertilization?
What is the first stage of development following fertilization?
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At what week does the embryo officially become a fetus?
At what week does the embryo officially become a fetus?
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Which germ layer is responsible for developing all nervous tissue?
Which germ layer is responsible for developing all nervous tissue?
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What is a key function of the placenta?
What is a key function of the placenta?
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What significant event occurs during the 2nd week of development?
What significant event occurs during the 2nd week of development?
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Which of the following does not develop from the mesoderm?
Which of the following does not develop from the mesoderm?
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What occurs during the 3rd week of development?
What occurs during the 3rd week of development?
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Which tissue type develops from the endoderm?
Which tissue type develops from the endoderm?
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What marks the beginning of the menstrual cycle?
What marks the beginning of the menstrual cycle?
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During which phase does the dominant follicle emerge?
During which phase does the dominant follicle emerge?
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What happens to hormone levels if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to hormone levels if fertilization does not occur?
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What role does relaxin play in the reproductive cycle?
What role does relaxin play in the reproductive cycle?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for initiating the growth of ovarian follicles?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for initiating the growth of ovarian follicles?
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What is the primary function of progesterone in the reproductive cycle?
What is the primary function of progesterone in the reproductive cycle?
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What is the approximate thickness of the stratum functionalis during the proliferative phase?
What is the approximate thickness of the stratum functionalis during the proliferative phase?
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What event does the LH surge primarily trigger?
What event does the LH surge primarily trigger?
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During which phase does the endometrium receive hormones to promote its thickening?
During which phase does the endometrium receive hormones to promote its thickening?
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What occurs during luteolysis in non-pregnant women?
What occurs during luteolysis in non-pregnant women?
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What is the primary function of the testes in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the testes in the male reproductive system?
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Which accessory gland contributes the most to semen volume?
Which accessory gland contributes the most to semen volume?
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What is the primary role of Sertoli cells in the testes?
What is the primary role of Sertoli cells in the testes?
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Which process involves the division of spermatogonia into specialized motile sperm?
Which process involves the division of spermatogonia into specialized motile sperm?
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What is the outcome of meiosis I in spermatogenesis?
What is the outcome of meiosis I in spermatogenesis?
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How does testosterone influence spermatogenesis?
How does testosterone influence spermatogenesis?
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What is capacitation?
What is capacitation?
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Which hormone triggers the production of LH and FSH at puberty?
Which hormone triggers the production of LH and FSH at puberty?
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What structure releases sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules?
What structure releases sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules?
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Which component of seminal fluid is responsible for sperm motility?
Which component of seminal fluid is responsible for sperm motility?
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What is the term for the release of sperm from Sertoli cells?
What is the term for the release of sperm from Sertoli cells?
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Which accessory gland produces a mucus-like fluid to protect sperm during ejaculation?
Which accessory gland produces a mucus-like fluid to protect sperm during ejaculation?
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How many primary oocytes remain at puberty in females?
How many primary oocytes remain at puberty in females?
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What is the consequence if the released secondary oocyte is not fertilized?
What is the consequence if the released secondary oocyte is not fertilized?
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Study Notes
Male Reproductive Tract
- Comprised of testes, ducts, accessory glands, and supporting structures
- Testes produce sperm (male gametes)
- Ducts store and transport sperm
- Accessory glands contribute to semen volume and properties
- Supporting structures include the penis and scrotum
Accessory Sex Gland Secretions
- Seminal vesicles contribute ~60% of semen volume, containing fructose (fuel), prostaglandins (improve sperm motility/viability), and fibrinogen (coagulates semen)
- Prostate contributes ~25% of semen volume, with a slightly acidic pH due to citric acid (ATP production) and proteolytic enzymes (break down clotting proteins)
- Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands secrete mucus-like, alkaline fluid to protect sperm from acidic urine
Internal Anatomy of a Testis
- Seminiferous tubules: site of sperm production
- Sertoli cells: support sperm development
- Leydig cells: produce testosterone
Spermatogenesis
- Conversion of undifferentiated germ cells (spermatogonia) into specialized, motile sperm (spermatozoa)
- Involves meiosis (two rounds of cell division) and subsequent differentiation to form mature spermatozoa
Spermatogenesis Details
- Spermatogonia are sperm stem cells that multiply through mitosis.
- Some spermatogonia enter meiosis.
- Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I.
- Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II, forming spermatids.
- Spermatids develop into spermatozoa.
- Formed through 2 rounds of meiosis: each results in four haploid cells.
Meiosis
- Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division, producing four haploid daughter cells.
- Unique to meiosis I are tetrad formation (synapsis), crossing over, and movement of pairs of chromatids towards poles.
- Crucial for reducing the chromosome number.
Spermiation
- Release of mature spermatozoa from Sertoli cells into the lumen of seminiferous tubule.
Capacitation
- Final maturation of sperm in the female reproductive tract (triggered by uterine secretions)
- Includes hyperactivation of sperm tails, required for successful penetration of the ovum.
Hormonal Control of Male Gamete Formation
- At puberty, GnRH triggers LH and FSH production.
- LH stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells.
- Testosterone controls final steps of spermatogenesis.
- Testosterone inhibits LH production.
- FSH acts on Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis and ABP production.
- Sertoli cells release inhibin to reduce FSH release.
Female Reproductive Organs and Tract
- Ovaries produce oocytes (female gametes).
- Female reproductive tract includes oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina.
- Structure and function of each part are discussed in detail.
Oogenesis
- Production of female gametes (oocytes)
- Begins before birth and continues into reproductive years.
- Oogonia undergo mitosis before birth.
- Oogonia then develop into primary oocytes, arrested in prophase I until puberty.
- At puberty, a few primary oocytes resume meiosis I and continue to meiosis II.
- Primarily oocyte development occurs before birth and continues in a cyclical manner following puberty.
- Each month, under hormonal influence, primary oocytes resume meiosis I.
- One secondary oocyte is ovulated, continuing meiosis II only if fertilized.
- One of the two daughters (secondary oocyte) is ovulated and undergoes meiosis II to form a mature ovum only if fertilized.
- All polar bodies degenerate.
Ovarian Follicles
- Structural units in the ovaries containing oocytes.
- Development of follicles occurs in two stages: primordial follicle and mature (graafian) follicle.
- Mature follicles are the site of oocyte maturation and release.
Two-Cell Model of Estradiol Production
- Estrogen production relies on both theca and granulosa cells.
- Theca cells convert cholesterol to androstenedione.
- Granulosa cells convert androstenedione to estradiol, requiring both LH and FSH.
Ovarian Cycle
- Follicular phase, characterized by follicle growth and estrogen production.
- Ovulation, the release of a mature oocyte.
- Luteal phase, marked by corpus luteum formation and progesterone production.
Uterine Cycle
- Three phases: menses, proliferative, and secretory.
- Each phase is specifically coordinated with ovarian cycle changes.
- Hormones like estrogen and progesterone control endometrial changes for possible implantation.
Gestation (Prenatal Development)
- Stages involved in the fetal growth from fertilization to birth: germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.
- Development occurs from the beginning of the fertilised ovum.
- Fertilization occurs, zygote undergoes mitosis to become morula, blastocyst undergoes implantation.
Development of Placenta and Umbilical Cord
- Placenta develops from the chorion and uterine tissue.
- Crucial for nutrient exchange and hormone secretion during pregnancy.
Endocrine Functions of the Placenta
- Produces hCG to maintain the corpus luteum until the placenta takes over steroid hormone production.
- hCG levels will signal when implantation has occurred.
- Placenta secretes hormones (progesterone, estrogen) that manage the uterine cycle and maintain pregnancy.
Placental Stage
- Stage during pregnancy where the placenta is developed well and plays a crucial role in the endocrine functions and term pregnancy and parturition.
Term Pregnancy and Parturition
- Pregnancy lasts the given duration, characterized by the growth and maturation of the fetus; all organ systems are also developed.
Female Reproductive Cycle Regulation
- Control of ovarian and uterine cycles involves complex interactions between hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovaries.
- Feedback mechanisms involving ovarian hormones regulate FSH and LH.
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Description
Explore the components and functions of the male reproductive system, including the testes, ducts, and accessory glands. Understand the roles these structures play in sperm production, transport, and semen composition. This quiz covers key concepts such as spermatogenesis and the secretions from accessory glands.
