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Questions and Answers
What triggers the endometrial glands to secrete special mucous during the secretory phase?
What triggers the endometrial glands to secrete special mucous during the secretory phase?
What happens to the stratum functionalis if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the stratum functionalis if fertilization does not occur?
How does human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) affect the menstrual cycle?
How does human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) affect the menstrual cycle?
What is the typical timing of the secretory phase in a 28-day female reproductive cycle?
What is the typical timing of the secretory phase in a 28-day female reproductive cycle?
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Which two cycles are coordinated in the female reproductive cycle?
Which two cycles are coordinated in the female reproductive cycle?
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Which cells are involved in the synthesis of estradiol in a mature ovarian follicle?
Which cells are involved in the synthesis of estradiol in a mature ovarian follicle?
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What occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
What occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
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What stage follows ovulation in the ovarian cycle?
What stage follows ovulation in the ovarian cycle?
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What characterizes the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
What characterizes the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
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What is the primary function of the corpus luteum?
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum?
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How does the endometrium change during the uterine cycle?
How does the endometrium change during the uterine cycle?
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What initiates the recruitment of follicles for growth during the follicular phase?
What initiates the recruitment of follicles for growth during the follicular phase?
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What is the main histological component of the myometrium?
What is the main histological component of the myometrium?
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Which component contributes the most to the volume of semen?
Which component contributes the most to the volume of semen?
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What is the primary function of Leydig cells in the testis?
What is the primary function of Leydig cells in the testis?
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What role do the secretions from the seminal vesicles play for sperm?
What role do the secretions from the seminal vesicles play for sperm?
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During spermatogenesis, which cell type undergoes meiosis?
During spermatogenesis, which cell type undergoes meiosis?
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What is the end product of spermatogenesis?
What is the end product of spermatogenesis?
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What triggers the final maturation of sperm in the female reproductive tract?
What triggers the final maturation of sperm in the female reproductive tract?
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What is the main function of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive system?
What is the main function of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive system?
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What type of cell division is primarily responsible for the production of sperm?
What type of cell division is primarily responsible for the production of sperm?
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Which hormone stimulates the production of testosterone in males?
Which hormone stimulates the production of testosterone in males?
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What occurs during spermiation?
What occurs during spermiation?
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Which of the following is NOT a role performed by the bulbourethral gland?
Which of the following is NOT a role performed by the bulbourethral gland?
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How many rounds of cell division occur during meiosis?
How many rounds of cell division occur during meiosis?
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What structure serves as the primary supportive organ for sperm during maturation?
What structure serves as the primary supportive organ for sperm during maturation?
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What happens to the released secondary oocyte if it is not fertilized?
What happens to the released secondary oocyte if it is not fertilized?
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What occurs during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?
What occurs during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?
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During which phase do increasing estrogen levels repair and thicken the stratum functionalis?
During which phase do increasing estrogen levels repair and thicken the stratum functionalis?
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What triggers the secretion of LH during the ovarian cycle?
What triggers the secretion of LH during the ovarian cycle?
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What occurs during the germinal stage of development?
What occurs during the germinal stage of development?
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What is the primary role of progesterone in the female reproductive cycle?
What is the primary role of progesterone in the female reproductive cycle?
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Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the health of the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the health of the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
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At the end of which stage does the embryo transition to a fetus?
At the end of which stage does the embryo transition to a fetus?
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What is the primary function of GnRH in the hormonal regulation of the reproductive cycle?
What is the primary function of GnRH in the hormonal regulation of the reproductive cycle?
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Which germ layer is responsible for forming the epidermis of the skin?
Which germ layer is responsible for forming the epidermis of the skin?
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Which event marks the transition from the follicular phase to the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle?
Which event marks the transition from the follicular phase to the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle?
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What is one function of the placenta during pregnancy?
What is one function of the placenta during pregnancy?
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What is the role of relaxin during the reproductive cycle?
What is the role of relaxin during the reproductive cycle?
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In which week of development does gastrulation occur?
In which week of development does gastrulation occur?
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How long does the postovulatory phase last in the female reproductive cycle?
How long does the postovulatory phase last in the female reproductive cycle?
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What is the correct sequence of transformation of the fertilized egg during the germinal stage?
What is the correct sequence of transformation of the fertilized egg during the germinal stage?
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During which week does the development of the trophoblast primarily occur?
During which week does the development of the trophoblast primarily occur?
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
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Which structure is primarily involved in nutrient, gas, and waste exchange during pregnancy?
Which structure is primarily involved in nutrient, gas, and waste exchange during pregnancy?
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What hormone is crucial for the maintenance of the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
What hormone is crucial for the maintenance of the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
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During which phase do the endometrial glands primarily secrete special mucous in response to hormones?
During which phase do the endometrial glands primarily secrete special mucous in response to hormones?
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What is the average length of the secretory phase in a 28-day female reproductive cycle?
What is the average length of the secretory phase in a 28-day female reproductive cycle?
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What occurs to the stratum functionalis if the corpus luteum degenerates due to the absence of fertilization?
What occurs to the stratum functionalis if the corpus luteum degenerates due to the absence of fertilization?
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What initiates the secretory phase of the female reproductive cycle?
What initiates the secretory phase of the female reproductive cycle?
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What is the primary function of the theca and granulosa cells in the ovarian follicle?
What is the primary function of the theca and granulosa cells in the ovarian follicle?
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Which phase follows the follicular phase during the ovarian cycle?
Which phase follows the follicular phase during the ovarian cycle?
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What process mainly characterizes luteinization during the luteal phase?
What process mainly characterizes luteinization during the luteal phase?
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What occurs during ovulation in the ovarian cycle?
What occurs during ovulation in the ovarian cycle?
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During which phase of the uterine cycle does the stratum functionalis shed?
During which phase of the uterine cycle does the stratum functionalis shed?
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What major development occurs during the embryonic stage of gestation?
What major development occurs during the embryonic stage of gestation?
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Which structure forms after the follicular wall transforms during the luteal phase?
Which structure forms after the follicular wall transforms during the luteal phase?
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Which structure develops first in the germinal stage after fertilization?
Which structure develops first in the germinal stage after fertilization?
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What is the critical role of FSH and LH during the ovarian cycle?
What is the critical role of FSH and LH during the ovarian cycle?
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What characterizes the tertiary follicle formation within the follicular phase?
What characterizes the tertiary follicle formation within the follicular phase?
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At what point does the embryo officially transition into a fetus?
At what point does the embryo officially transition into a fetus?
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Which germ layer is responsible for forming the nervous system?
Which germ layer is responsible for forming the nervous system?
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Which structure develops from the embryonic chorion and also contributes to the formation of the placenta?
Which structure develops from the embryonic chorion and also contributes to the formation of the placenta?
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What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?
What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?
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What developmental process occurs in the 3rd week of gestation?
What developmental process occurs in the 3rd week of gestation?
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Which developmental structure forms the basis for the vascular supply in the embryo?
Which developmental structure forms the basis for the vascular supply in the embryo?
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What triggers the formation of the corpus albicans in the ovarian cycle?
What triggers the formation of the corpus albicans in the ovarian cycle?
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During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the stratum functionalis thicken due to increasing estrogen levels?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the stratum functionalis thicken due to increasing estrogen levels?
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How does inhibin function in the female reproductive cycle?
How does inhibin function in the female reproductive cycle?
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What occurs during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
What occurs during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
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What is the primary role of progesterone in the reproductive cycle?
What is the primary role of progesterone in the reproductive cycle?
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Which hormone surge is responsible for initiating ovulation?
Which hormone surge is responsible for initiating ovulation?
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What is the specific role of relaxin during the reproductive cycle?
What is the specific role of relaxin during the reproductive cycle?
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Which phase of the ovarian cycle is most variable in length?
Which phase of the ovarian cycle is most variable in length?
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What is secreted by the developing embryo to maintain the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
What is secreted by the developing embryo to maintain the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
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What typically indicates the beginning of menstruation?
What typically indicates the beginning of menstruation?
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Which of the following structures produces male gametes?
Which of the following structures produces male gametes?
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What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles?
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating spermatogenesis?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating spermatogenesis?
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What occurs during spermatogenesis specifically?
What occurs during spermatogenesis specifically?
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What is the role of testosterone in male reproductive physiology?
What is the role of testosterone in male reproductive physiology?
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How does capacitation affect sperm?
How does capacitation affect sperm?
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Which structure secretes a fluid that aids in minimizing sperm damage during ejaculation?
Which structure secretes a fluid that aids in minimizing sperm damage during ejaculation?
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What process results in the release of sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules?
What process results in the release of sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules?
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During which stages does meiosis occur in spermatogenesis?
During which stages does meiosis occur in spermatogenesis?
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What effect does GnRH have on the male reproductive system?
What effect does GnRH have on the male reproductive system?
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What role do prostaglandins play in seminal fluid?
What role do prostaglandins play in seminal fluid?
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Which cells are responsible for supporting the development of sperm in the testes?
Which cells are responsible for supporting the development of sperm in the testes?
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Study Notes
Male Reproductive Tract
- The male reproductive system comprises the testes, ducts for sperm transport and storage, accessory sex glands, and supporting structures (penis and scrotum)
- Testes produce sperm (male gametes)
- Ducts transport and store sperm
- Accessory sex glands add secretions to semen
- Supporting structures include the penis and scrotum
Accessory Sex Gland Secretions
- Seminal vesicles contribute ~60% semen volume, secreting viscous fluid with fructose (fuel for ATP production), prostaglandins (sperm viability and motility), and fibrinogen (semen coagulation in the female reproductive tract)
- Prostate (~25% semen volume) secretes a thin fluid, slightly acidic due to citric acid (ATP production), proteolytic enzymes (break down clotting proteins from seminal vesicles), and seminalplasmin (antibiotic that destroys bacteria)
- Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands secrete mucus-like fluid to minimize sperm damage from urine (alkaline)
Internal Anatomy of a Testis
- Testis has seminiferous tubules for sperm production
- Sertoli cells (nurse cells) support sperm production
- Leydig cells produce testosterone
- Sperm travels through coiled tubules, epididymis and vas deferens, entering the ejaculatory duct
- Sperm mature in the epididymis
Spermatogenesis
- Spermatogenesis is the conversion of undifferentiated germ cells (spermatogonia) into specialized, motile sperm (spermatozoa)
- Involves 2 meiotic cell divisions, yielding 4 haploid sperm cells
- Spermatogonia -> primary spermatocytes -> secondary spermatocytes -> spermatids -> spermatozoa
- Mitosis and differentiation are key processes.
Spermiation
- Spermiation is the release of sperm from sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.
Capacitation
- Final maturation of sperm within the female reproductive tract
- Triggered by secretions from the uterus
- Includes hyperactivation of the sperm tail
Hormonal Control of Male Gamete Formation
- Increased GnRH at puberty triggers LH and FSH production
- LH stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells
- Testosterone stimulates the final steps of spermatogenesis and inhibits LH release
- FSH promotes spermatogenesis by stimulating ABP production in Sertoli cells
- Sertoli cells also release inhibin reducing FSH release
Female Reproductive Tract and Organs
- The female reproductive system involves the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
- Ovaries produce female gametes (oocytes) and hormones
- Uterine tubes transport oocytes from ovaries to uterus
- Uterus provides a site for the developing embryo
- Vagina receives sperm and is necessary for childbirth.
Oogenesis
- Oogenesis is the production of oocytes, beginning before birth and completed when an ovum is released (ovulation)
- Oogonia multiply by mitosis, developing into primary oocytes
- Primary oocytes are arrested in prophase I until puberty.
- After puberty, one oocyte per cycle completes meiosis I and meiosis II.
- The secondary oocyte undergoes oocyte maturation stages
Ovarian Cycle
- Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase are part of the cyclic changes
- Follicular phase: primary oocytes are recruited into follicles that grow and mature, estradiol produced.
- Ovulation: secondary oocyte is released.
- Luteal phase: corpus luteum forms and produces progesterone and estradiol.
- A menstrual cycle is preparation for possible fertilization
Uterine Cycle
- Uterine cycle prepares the lining of the uterus (endometrium) for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum
- Menses, proliferative, secretory phases alternate.
- Menses: endometrium sheds.
- Proliferative phase: endometrium thickens due to estrogen.
- Secretory phase: endometrium further thickens, progesterone crucial.
Fertilization
- Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates a secondary oocyte.
- A zygote is formed that will go through cell division in a process called cleavage. This developing entity will implant into the endometrium during a process called implantation
Development of the Placenta and Umbilical Cord
- Placenta performs nutrient, gas, and waste exchange.
- The umbilical cord links the embryo/fetus to the placenta.
- Maintains pregnancy and acts as a barrier to microorganisms.
Endocrine Functions of the Placenta
- The placenta secretes hormones, including hCG, progesterone, and estrogens
- hCG rescues corpus luteum from degeneration until the placenta can produce these hormones.
- These hormones support pregnancy and fetal development.
Gestation
- Gestation is the time period from fertilization to birth
- Divided into three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal
2nd Week of Development
- Trophoblast differentiation continues to the yolk sac, amnion, and bilaminar embryonic disc.
- Chorion begins to form.
3rd Week of Development
- Primary germ layers form, beginning organogenesis.
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Description
Explore the components and functions of the male reproductive system, including the testes, sperm transport ducts, and accessory sex glands. This quiz delves into the specific roles of seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands in semen production. Test your knowledge of male reproductive anatomy and physiology.
