Male Reproductive System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the scrotum?

  • To facilitate urination
  • To produce hormones
  • To protect the testes and regulate their temperature (correct)
  • To store sperm

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for the production of sperm?

  • Seminal vesicle
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Testis (correct)

What structure encloses the urethra and extends into the glans penis?

  • Corpus cavernosum
  • Corpus spongiosum (correct)
  • Epididymis
  • Foreskin

Which muscle structure is involved in controlling the size of the scrotum?

<p>Dartos muscle (A), Cremaster muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is circumcision and when is it commonly performed?

<p>Removal of the foreskin, usually performed shortly after birth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the glans penis play in the male reproductive system?

<p>It serves as a urethral opening (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the corpus cavernosum in the male genitalia?

<p>To fill with blood and facilitate an erection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The epididymis primarily functions to:

<p>Store and mature sperm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason rushes for not circumcising newborns with hypospadias?

<p>To preserve the foreskin for surgical use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by painful bending of the penis during erection due to fibrosis?

<p>Peyronie’s Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What association is most strongly related to the occurrence of Peyronie’s Disease?

<p>History of traumatic injury to the penis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is the absence of a testis classified as 'true cryptorchidism'?

<p>When a testis never descended at any point (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is most commonly associated with urethral stricture?

<p>Gradual decrease in urinary stream force and caliber (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by prolonged erection without sexual stimulation?

<p>Priapism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which measurement can help determine a small testis during inspection?

<p>Palpation confirming softness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of untreated true cryptorchidism by six years of age?

<p>Infertility due to histological changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary management technique for acute urinary retention?

<p>Perform bladder decompression through catheterization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a significant cause of urethral discharge in males?

<p>Chlamydia infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for developing genital warts?

<p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is characteristic of urethritis?

<p>Purulent urethral discharge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings would indicate renal calculi?

<p>Severe flank pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical feature of the discharge in gonococcal urethritis?

<p>Thick and gray-brown (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of paraphimosis?

<p>Swelling of the glans penis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for a sexually active individual with potential STI exposure?

<p>Seek immediate medical evaluation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a nonretractable foreskin?

<p>Phimosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored in a patient experiencing acute urinary retention?

<p>Signs of bladder distension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for genital herpes?

<p>Antivirals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is likely to involve flank pain radiating to the abdomen?

<p>Renal calculi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a sexually active male with thick penile discharge likely have?

<p>Gonococcal urethritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cremaster muscle?

<p>To raise the testes closer to the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the size of the testes change from birth to the end of puberty?

<p>They increase slightly during prepubertal years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure separates the two halves of the scrotum?

<p>Septum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the epididymis play in sperm production?

<p>It stores sperm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the penis size increase during puberty?

<p>An increase in testosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often indicative of precocious puberty in children?

<p>Enlarged penis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may arise from ulceration of the meatus?

<p>Stricture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the changes in testosterone production in older men?

<p>Testosterone levels decrease significantly, affecting sexual response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What normally happens to the scrotal muscles when the temperature is warmer?

<p>The muscles completely relax and the testes lower (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal appearance of the glans in a circumcised infant?

<p>Smooth with a centered meatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age should the foreskin typically not be retracted?

<p>3 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does puberty usually begin in boys?

<p>9½ to 13½ years old (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common finding in boys younger than 2 years?

<p>Hydrocele (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is located superior to the inguinal ligament?

<p>Inguinal canal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves a tight foreskin that cannot be retracted?

<p>Phimosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical size of an adult testis?

<p>4 to 5 cm long by 3 cm wide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age range for males to receive the HPV4 or HPV9 vaccine in Canada?

<p>9 to 26 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the epididymis to the seminal vesicle?

<p>Vas deferens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'tucking' refer to in transgender women?

<p>Manually displacing testes for a female appearance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicative of a narrowing of the urethral opening?

<p>Stricture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could prolonged tucking lead to among transgender individuals?

<p>Prostatitis or cystitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you observe during the first voiding of a newborn to assess urinary flow?

<p>Strength and direction of stream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following changes is expected in older men regarding hair?

<p>Decreased amount of pubic hair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can lead to scarring and possible adhesions if the foreskin is retracted too early?

<p>Paraphimosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important practice when conducting a physical examination of transgender individuals?

<p>Examining based on the anatomy present (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with the inguinal area?

<p>Inguinal hernias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely appearance of the scrotum in light-skinned infants?

<p>Pink (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can indicate a need for immediate medical attention?

<p>Urine output below 30 mL/hour (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the spermatic cord as the testis develops in the womb?

<p>It is pushed down into the scrotum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age should men be aware of the normal appearance and feel of their testicles?

<p>15 years old (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of cryptorchidism?

<p>Empty scrotum on palpation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In males, what might you assess to confirm a hernia suspicion?

<p>Palpate the inguinal area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During physical exams for infants, when should you perform the testicular examination?

<p>Right after the abdominal examination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should health care providers conduct for transgender patients regardless of hormone use?

<p>Routine cancer screenings according to guidelines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What developmental change in older men may be observed?

<p>Decreased size of the penis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior should be avoided when examining the male genitalia to prevent reflex action?

<p>Elicit a cough for pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a serious consequence of neglecting to perform regular check-ups on testicles?

<p>Potential for testicular cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is normal to feel on top of each testicle during examination?

<p>Epididymis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for testicular cancer?

<p>Delayed descent of testicles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a nurse address body parts during an examination of a transgender person?

<p>Ask if the patient has a preferred term (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an expected normal size for a penis in infants?

<p>2 to 3 cm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dysuria refer to?

<p>Painful urination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the refractory state after ejaculation in older men compared to younger men?

<p>It lasts longer, from 12 to 24 hours. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration for detumescence after ejaculation in men over 60 years of age?

<p>A few seconds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason older men might misinterpret normal physiological changes?

<p>Failure to achieve an erection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to older men withdrawing from sexual activity?

<p>Heavy physical exercise. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the percentage of newborn males circumcised in Canada in recent decades?

<p>32%. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What association has been identified with male circumcision in relation to sexually transmitted infections?

<p>Decreased risk for HIV. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is NOT commonly associated with circumcision?

<p>Encouraged sexual arousal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are parents advised to consider regarding circumcision for their newborn males?

<p>A balanced presentation of risks and benefits is essential. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a boy is ready to clean under his foreskin by himself?

<p>When he reaches puberty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is least likely to impact libido or pleasure from sexual intercourse in older men?

<p>Good physical health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What general change occurs in the volume of seminal fluid as a man ages?

<p>It decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of circumcision in relation to childhood urinary tract infections?

<p>It reduces the incidence of childhood UTIs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of sexual maturity ratings in boys?

<p>Pubic hair growth begins as a coarser texture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological aspect may affect older men's perception of sexual performance?

<p>Overemphasis on performance rather than pleasure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are the three erectile tissues in the penis?

The penis is composed of three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue: the two corpora cavernosa on the dorsal side and the corpus spongiosum ventrally.

What is the glans?

The glans is a cone of erectile tissue at the distal end of the corpus spongiosum, which joins the shaft at the corona.

Where does the urethra travel?

The urethra transverses the corpus spongiosum, and its meatus forms a slit at the glans tip.

What is the foreskin?

The foreskin, or prepuce, is a hood or flap of skin that forms over the glans when the skin folds in and back on itself.

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Scrotum

The scrotum is a loose protective sac that is a continuation of the abdominal wall. It contains the testes and epididymis.

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What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

The cremaster muscle controls the size of the scrotum by responding to ambient temperature, helping regulate testicular temperature.

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What are rugae?

Rugae are thin folds or wrinkles in the scrotal skin.

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Why is the scrotum temperature important?

The testes need to be kept at a slightly cooler temperature than the body's core temperature for optimal sperm production.

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Cremaster muscle

Muscle that contracts to bring the testes closer to the body for warmth.

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Dartos muscle

Muscle within the scrotum that contracts, causing scrotal skin to wrinkle for warmth.

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Epididymis

Coiled duct system on the testis, where sperm mature and are stored.

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Vas deferens

Muscular duct that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

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Spermatic cord

Bundle of structures, including the vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves, that support the testicle.

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Inguinal canal

Tunnel in the groin area through which the testes descend during fetal development.

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Inguinal ligament

Strong band of tissue that forms a border between the abdomen and the thigh.

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Femoral canal

Potential space in the groin near the femoral artery, a potential site for hernia.

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Hernia

A loop of bowel protruding through a weak spot in the abdominal wall.

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Puberty in males

The period of sexual development in males, marked by testicular enlargement, pubic hair growth, and penis growth.

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Tanner's sexual maturity rating

A system for classifying stages of sexual development based on physical changes.

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Testosterone

The primary male sex hormone, responsible for male characteristics.

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Sperm production decline

Gradual decrease in sperm production starting around age 40, but can continue into the 80s and 90s.

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Aging changes in the male reproductive system

Decreased muscle tone, subcutaneous fat, and cellular metabolism lead to changes in appearance and sexual function.

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Erection Maintenance

The ability to maintain an erection for longer periods without ejaculating, often experienced by older men.

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Ejaculation Changes

Older men tend to experience shorter, less forceful ejaculations with a smaller volume of seminal fluid compared to their younger years.

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Rapid Detumescence

The process of the penis returning to its flaccid state after ejaculation happens much faster in older men, often taking seconds compared to minutes or hours in younger men.

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Refractory Period

The time after ejaculation when a man is physiologically unable to ejaculate again is significantly longer in older men, lasting 12-24 hours compared to 2 minutes in younger men.

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What is the effect of age on erection maintenance?

As men age, they may be able to maintain an erection for longer periods without ejaculating.

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How does ejaculation change with age?

Ejaculation in older men is shorter, less forceful, and the volume of seminal fluid is smaller compared to younger men.

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What is detumescence?

Detumescence is the return of the penis to its flaccid state after an erection.

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How does detumescence change with age?

Detumescence, the return to a flaccid state, happens much faster in older men compared to younger men.

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What is the refractory period in sexual function?

The refractory period is the time after ejaculation when a man is unable to ejaculate again.

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How does the refractory period change with age?

The refractory period is significantly longer in older men, lasting 12-24 hours compared to just 2 minutes in younger men.

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Circumcision: Medical Indication

The Canadian Paediatric Society states that routine circumcision of newborn males is not medically indicated.

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Circumcision: Benefits

Circumcision has potential health benefits, particularly in populations at high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including reduced risk of HIV and other infections.

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Circumcision: Complications

Circumcision carries a very small risk of complications, most being minor and treatable, while serious complications are rare.

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Circumcision: Pain Management

Parents should be informed about pain relief measures for newborn circumcision, including local anesthesia, topical creams, oral medication, and comfort techniques like holding the infant.

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HPV Vaccine

A vaccine that helps protect against certain types of HPV infections, which can cause cervical, penile, and anal cancers, as well as genital warts.

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Transgender Health Care

Medical care that addresses the unique needs of transgender individuals, including screening, prevention, periodic exams, and gender-affirming procedures.

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Gender-Affirming Surgery (GAS)

Surgical procedures that help transgender individuals align their physical body with their gender identity.

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Genitalia Examination

Physical examination of the genitals, tailored to the individual's anatomy and done sensitively.

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Routine Cancer Screening

Regular checks for cancer based on current guidelines, considering risk factors and symptoms, regardless of hormone use.

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Tucking

A practice used by some transgender women to create a female-appearing genital contour by manually repositioning their genitals.

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Prolonged Tucking Risks

Potential health issues that can arise from prolonged tucking, such as pain, urinary problems, and infections.

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SOGI-Nursing

A website and resource center providing information and support for transgender individuals and other sexual orientation and gender identity minorities.

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WPATH

The World Professional Association for Transgender Health, which sets standards of care for transgender individuals.

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Rainbow Health Ontario

An organization that provides resources and training to increase healthcare providers' competency in caring for LGBT2SQ individuals.

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Frequency, Urgency, Nocturia

These terms refer to changes in urination patterns, including increased frequency, a sudden urge to urinate, and urination at night.

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Dysuria

Pain or discomfort during urination.

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Hesitancy and Straining

Difficulty starting urination and needing to strain to urinate.

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Self-Care for Testicles

The importance of regular self-examination of the testicles to detect any changes or abnormalities.

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Testicular Cancer Risk Factors

Factors that increase the risk of developing testicular cancer, such as delayed descent of the testicles and family history.

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Enlarged penis

An enlarged penis in a young boy can be a sign of precocious puberty, which is the early onset of puberty.

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Redness, swelling, or lesions on the penis

These symptoms should be investigated as they could indicate an infection or other medical condition.

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Urethral discharge

Urethral discharge is a sign of infection and should be investigated.

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Glans appearance in a circumcised infant

The glans of a circumcised infant should look smooth with the meatus (opening) centered at the tip.

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Ammonia irritation in infants

During the diaper-wearing stage, the meatus can become ulcerated from ammonia in urine. This is more common in circumcised infants.

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Hypospadias and epispadias

These are birth defects involving the position of the urethral opening, which require correction.

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Stricture

A stricture is a narrowing of the urethral opening, which can lead to a weak or narrow urine stream.

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First voiding observation

Observing the strength and direction of the newborn's first urine stream can identify potential problems like stricture or neurogenic bladder.

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Foreskin retraction in infants

During the first 3 months, the foreskin is normally tight and should not be retracted due to the risk of tearing.

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Foreskin retraction after 3 months

After 3 months, you can gently retract the foreskin to check the glans and meatus. It should return to its original position easily.

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Phimosis

Phimosis occurs when the foreskin is tight and cannot be retracted.

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Paraphimosis

Paraphimosis occurs when the foreskin cannot be slipped forward once it has been retracted.

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Scrotum appearance in infants

The scrotum looks pink in light-skinned infants and dark brown in dark-skinned infants. Rugae (folds) are well-formed in full-term infants.

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Palpating the testes

The testes should be descended and equal in size. Palpating the testes is important for accurate assessment.

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Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum.

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Hypospadias

A congenital defect where the urethral opening is located on the underside of the penis, instead of at the tip.

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Epispadias

A rare congenital defect where the urethral opening is located on the upper side of the penis.

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Peyronie's Disease

A condition causing hard, nontender plaques on the penis, leading to painful bending during erection.

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Urethral Stricture

A narrowing of the urethra, causing a weak or constricted urine stream.

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Small Testis

A testicle that is smaller than normal.

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Priapism

A prolonged, painful erection that is not caused by sexual stimulation and cannot be relieved.

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What is the difference between true cryptorchidism and retractile testes?

True cryptorchidism refers to testes that have never descended into the scrotum, while retractile testes are those that can be pulled up into the inguinal canal but can also descend back into the scrotum. Retractile testes are usually not a cause for concern.

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Acute Urinary Retention

A sudden inability to urinate, often caused by blockage or a problem with the bladder.

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Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)

An enlarged prostate gland that can obstruct urine flow, a common cause of acute urinary retention in men.

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What is the treatment for acute urinary retention?

Immediate bladder decompression by catheterization to relieve discomfort and allow urine to flow.

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Gonococcal Urethritis

A sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae that affects the urethra.

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Nonspecific Urethritis

A urethral infection caused by bacteria other than Neisseria gonorrhoeae, often Chlamydia.

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Renal Calculi

Kidney stones, formed from crystals, can obstruct urine flow, causing severe pain.

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What are the symptoms of renal calculi?

Sudden, intense flank pain that may radiate to the groin or abdomen, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, and blood in the urine.

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Tinea Cruris

A fungal infection affecting the groin area, commonly called 'jock itch'.

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Genital Herpes (HSV-2)

A sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2, causing painful blisters and ulcers.

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Syphilis

A sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum, starting with a painless sore called a chancre.

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Genital Warts

Caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), appearing as soft, fleshy growths on the penis, scrotum, or anus.

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Carcinoma

Cancer of the penis, typically appears as a red, raised growth or ulcer with watery discharge.

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Study Notes

Male Reproductive System Structure and Function

  • Male Genitalia: Includes the penis and scrotum externally, and the testis, epididymis, and vas deferens internally. Accessory glands (prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands) are discussed elsewhere.

Penis Anatomy

  • Erectile Tissue: Composed of three cylindrical columns: two corpora cavernosa dorsally and one corpus spongiosum ventrally.
  • Glans: Distal end of the corpus spongiosum, forming a cone of erectile tissue.
  • Urethra: Passes through the corpus spongiosum, with the meatus forming a slit at the glans tip.
  • Foreskin (Prepuce): Skin folds over the glans, sometimes surgically removed (circumcision).
  • Frenulum: Fold of foreskin extending ventrally from the urethral meatus.

Scrotum Anatomy

  • Protection and Temperature Regulation: Loose sac, continuation of the abdominal wall. Skin is deeply pigmented and has large sebaceous follicles after adolescence. Contains folds called rugae and the cremaster muscle.
  • Temperature Control: Maintains testes at 3°C below abdominal temperature, crucial for sperm production. Cremaster and dartos muscles contract or relax to regulate temperature.
  • Scrotal Components: Contains a septum separating into two, housing one testis per half.
  • Testis Structure and Location: Solid, oval structure (4-5 cm long, 3 cm wide). Suspended vertically by the spermatic cord. Left testis typically lower due to longer spermatic cord.
  • Testis Protection: Covered by a double-layered membrane (tunica vaginalis) reducing injury risk.

Sperm Transport

  • Epididymis: Coiled duct system on top and posterior surface of the testis; primary sperm storage site. Anterior epididymis position occurs in 6-7% of males.
  • Vas Deferens: Muscular duct from the lower epididymis forming the spermatic cord (containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics).
  • Spermatic Cord: Ascends along the testis's posterior border, running through the inguinal canal to the abdomen.
  • Ejaculatory Duct: Vas deferens joins the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct.
  • Urethra: Ejaculatory duct empties into the urethra, conveying sperm for ejaculation.

Inguinal Area

  • Structure: Juncture of lower abdominal wall and thigh. Includes anterior superior iliac spine, symphysis pubis, inguinal ligament, inguinal canal (4-6 cm), and internal/external rings.
  • Femoral Canal: Potential space inferior to inguinal ligament, 3 cm medial to and parallel with the femoral artery. Critical in hernia diagnosis.

Developmental Considerations

  • Infants: Testes develop in abdomen, migrate to scrotum through inguinal canal before birth.
  • Adolescents: Puberty (9½ to 13½ years) starts with testicular enlargement followed by pubic hair and penis growth. Tanner's stages document developmental phases.
  • Adults/Older Adults: Sexual development mostly stable, but sperm production decreases progressively after ~40, continuing into old age. Testosterone also declines very gradually after ~55-60 years. Aging changes involve reduced tone, fat, metabolism,pubic hair, penis and scrotal size.
  • Older Adults cont: Testes shrink, less resilient, reduced sperm production, and slower/less intense sexual response. Erection development, maintenance, and ejaculation are altered.

Sexual Expression in Later Life

  • Healthy Sexual Activity: Age does not stop sexual activity; libido and pleasure are achievable.
  • Misinterpretation: Normal age changes can be misinterpreted as sexual failure, leading to demoralization.
  • Social Determinants: Reasons for sexual withdrawal can be loss of spouse, depression, health concerns, poor nutrition, medications, or stress.

Circumcision Considerations

  • Presentation for Parents: Risks and benefits require unbiased presentation, considering parents' religious and cultural beliefs.
  • Canadian Trends: Circumcision of newborn males declined.
  • Potential Health Benefits: Male circumcision, while not medically indicated for all, may reduce risk of some STIs.

Transgender Health Considerations

  • Health Assessment: Needs gender-affirming approach for accurate genitalia assessments, considering hormone therapy, surgery history.
  • Health Care Access: Limited primary care for transgender care may necessitate travel.
  • Clinical Practice: Using general terminology or asking patients for preferred terms is necessary.
  • Cancer Screening: Screening follows current guidelines based on present anatomy; other risk factors are also assessed.

Subjective Data for Assessments

  • Urinary Frequency: Normal frequency varies with fluid intake and habits.
  • Penis and Scrotum Symptoms: Pain, lesions, discharge, self-care behaviours, lumps.
  • Sexual History: Activity, contraceptive use, STI contact.
  • Sexual Health: STI risk reduction.

Critical Findings

  • Acute Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate characterized by pain and bladder distension, requiring immediate intervention (catheterization).

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Test your knowledge on the male reproductive system with this quiz. Explore key structures, functions, and conditions such as circumcision, Peyronie's Disease, and more. Perfect for students of human anatomy or anyone interested in learning more about male reproductive health.

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