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Questions and Answers
What best describes transgendered individuals?
Which of the following factors does NOT typically affect sexual functioning?
Which approach is most effective for a nurse to gather sexual histories from patients?
Which action demonstrates a nurse's nonjudgmental attitude towards a patient’s sexual history?
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What is the primary function of the structure that houses the testis?
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Which part of the penis is responsible for surrounding the urethra?
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What is the role of fimbriae in the female reproductive system?
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The endometrium is part of which female reproductive structure?
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At what age range does male climacteric typically occur?
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What structure enlarges and has diminished secretions during male climacteric?
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What is the primary function of the testes in the male reproductive system?
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What structure connects the testes to the urethra?
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Which gland secretes a fluid that enhances sperm motility and neutralizes vaginal acidity?
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Which component of the male reproductive system produces 60% of the volume of semen?
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What is the function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
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What role do Bartholin's glands play in female sexual health?
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Which hormone is crucial for the release of milk from mammary glands?
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What is the average age range for the onset of menopause?
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What is the primary cause of symptoms such as shrinkage of vulval structures and dryness of the vaginal wall during menopause?
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What does the term dyspareunia refer to?
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Which dietary modification may help in managing menopausal symptoms?
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Which of the following describes the perimenopause phase?
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What changes might occur in the skin during the menopausal phase?
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Which of the following is a common assessment symptom of women undergoing menopause?
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What is the main structural unit of the mammary gland responsible for milk production?
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The testes are enclosed in a sac-like structure known as the ______.
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The ______ is responsible for storing sperm cells until they mature.
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The ductus deferens is a muscular tube that transports ______.
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The seminal vesicles secrete a fluid that contributes to ______% of the volume of semen.
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The prostate gland secretes a thin, milky fluid that enhances sperm ______.
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Study Notes
Male Reproductive System
- Two oval testes (testicles) are ovoid shaped structures, about 5cm long and 3cm in diameter
- Testes are suspended by the spermatic cord and are enclosed in the scrotum
- Testes produce sperm cells and testosterone
- The epididymis lies superior to the testes and stores sperm cells until they mature
- The ductus deferens is a muscular tube that transports sperm and joins the duct from the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
- The seminal vesicle is a pair of convoluted, sac-like structures that secrete an alkaline fluid rich in fructose and other nutrients for the sperm cells
- The ejaculatory duct is a short tube that transports sperm and seminal fluid to the urethra
- The prostate gland surrounds the beginning of the urethra and secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid which enhances sperm motility
- The Cowper’s glands secrete a mucus-like fluid that lubricates the end of the penis
- The scrotum provides a cooler environment for the testes to assure sperm survival
- The penis conveys urine and semen through the urethra and becomes erect for insertion into the vagina during sexual intercourse
- The male climacteric occurs between 55-70 years of age with a gradual decrease of testosterone
Female Reproductive System
- The ovaries are solid, ovoid structures about the size and shape of almonds
- The ovaries lie bilateral to the uterus immediately inferior to the fallopian tubes
- The ovaries release progesterone and produce estrogen, releasing a mature egg cell during the menstrual cycle
- The uterine tubes are a pair of ducts that open at one end into the fundus and the other end into the peritoneal cavity over the ovary
- After ovulation, the egg cell is assisted into the uterine tube by the wavelike movement of the fimbriae and the beating of the cilia
- The uterus is a muscular, hollow, organ shaped like an inverted pear situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum
- The uterus functions to receive the embryo and sustain its life during development
- The vagina receives the erect penis during intercourse, conveys uterine secretions, and transports the offspring during birth
- The Vulva (external genitalia) consists of:
- Mons Pubis: a rounded, mound of fatty tissue superior to the symphysis pubis, covered with coarse hair
- Labia Majora (large lips): Two large, rounded folds of fatty tissue extending from the mons pubis to the perineal floor
- Labia Minora (small lips): smaller flattened, longitudinal folds, devoid of hair that merge anteriorly to form the prepuce of the clitoris
- Clitoris: Small projection at the anterior end of the vulva composed of erectile tissue and nerve fibers
- Vestibule: The space enclosing the structures located beneath the labia minora
- Accessory glands:
- Paraurethral or Skene’s glands: responsible for secretion of mucus
- Bartholin’s glands or vestibular: lubricate the vagina for sexual intercourse
- Perineum: a diamond shaped area from the symphysis pubis and extends to the anus
- The mammary glands are located in the subcutaneous tissue of the superior anterior thorax, within the breasts
- The mammary glands secrete milk following pregnancy
- The female climacteric is the state of transition to menopause
- Perimenopause is the state of transition to menopause, experienced near middle adulthood
- Menopause is the cessation of menses due by hormonal, surgical, or pharmacological causes
Diagnostic Test for Women
- Colposcopy uses a colposcope to provide direct visualization of the cervix and vagina
- Culdoscopy is a minimally invasive, outpatient surgical procedure that provides visualization of the uterus and uterine appendages
Female Reproductive System Diagnostic Tests
- Colposcopy: Examines the cervix for tumors, cysts, and endometriosis. Conization (cone-shaped section removal of eroded or infected tissue) may be done during the procedure.
-
Laparoscopy: Uses a laparoscope to examine the abdominal cavity and visualize the uterus and its appendages.
- Foley catheter is placed to maintain bladder decompression.
- CO2 is introduced to distend the abdomen for easier visualization.
- Biopsies may be taken.
- Tubal ligation may be done.
- Ovaries and fallopian tubes are observed for masses, ectopic pregnancy, adhesions, and pelvic inflammatory disease.
- Instruct the patient about the possibility of shoulder pain after the procedure due to CO2.
-
Papanicolaou Test (Pap Smear): Detects cervical cancer using a speculum to widen the vagina and allow access to the cervix.
- Specimens are collected and labeled with date, time of last menstrual period, and whether the woman is taking estrogen or birth control pills.
- Instruct the patient not to douche, use tampons, or have sexual intercourse for 24 hours prior.
- Screening Recommendations:
- Begin annual Pap tests within 3 years of becoming sexually active or no later than 21 years of age.
- Every year (regular Pap smear) or every 3 years (ThinPrep Pap test).
- 30 years or older - every 3 years, or every 5 years if combined with HPV screening.
- 65 years or older with normal screenings within the past 10 years, may stop having screenings.
- More frequent testing is recommended for those with a history of multiple sexual partners or STIs, family history of cervical cancer, or those whose mothers used diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy.
- Biopsy: Samples of tissue are taken for evaluation to confirm or locate a lesion. These include fine needle aspiration, stereotactic or ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy, or open surgical biopsy.
-
Dilation and curettage (D&C): A surgical procedure where the cervix is dilated to scrape the uterine lining (endometrium) with a curette to remove abnormal tissues and obtain tissue for biopsy.
- The patient is placed under general anesthesia.
- Packing may be inserted for hemostasis; a perineal pad is applied to absorb drainage. Monitor for excessive vaginal bleeding or malodorous drainage after packing is removed.
- Cultures and Smears: Exudates of breast, vagina, rectum, and urethra are analyzed to identify infectious processes, abnormal cells, and hormonal changes.
- Schiller’s iodine test: Staining of the cervix to detect abnormal cells.
- Hysterograms and hysterosalpingograms: Radiographic images of the uterus and uterus & fallopian tubes using a contrast medium injected through a cannula inserted through a speculum in the vagina.
-
Mammography: Radiography of the breast to identify benign and neoplastic processes, especially those not palpable.
- Recommended beginning between 40-44 years of age.
- Less sensitive in younger patients due to greater density of breast tissue.
- Pelvic ultrasonography: Uses high-frequency sound waves to evaluate pelvic structures, foreign bodies (intrauterine contraceptive device), fetal growth and viability, and detecting ectopic pregnancies.
- Tubal insufflation (Rubin’s test): Transuterine insufflation of the fallopian tubes with carbon dioxide to assess patency; may be part of a fertility study.
-
Pregnancy tests: Detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) through urine or blood.
- Does not show if pregnancy is normal.
- Can be false positive, or due to other disease processes.
- Serum CA-125: Tumor antigen associated with ovarian cancer and prognosis of ovarian cancer. Also elevated in endometriosis, PID, pregnancy, and other cancers.
Male Reproductive System Diagnostic Tests
-
Testicular biopsy: Biopsy of testicular tissue.
- Post-biopsy care: scrotal support, ice pack, analgesics. Warm sitz baths for edema.
- Notify the provider if bleeding or elevated temperature occurs.
- Semen Analysis: Analyzes semen to evaluate fertility, effectiveness of vasectomy, detect specimens on a suspected sexual assault victim, or determine paternity.
- Prostatic Smears: Smears to detect and identify microorganisms, tumor cells, and even tuberculosis in the prostate. Done by massaging of the prostate via rectum and the patient voiding in a container.
- Cystoscopy: A lighted cystoscope is passed through the urethra to the bladder to examine the prostate and bladder to detect infections and tumors.
- Rectal digital examination: To detect enlarged or abnormal prostate.
- Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen: Elevated in the presence of benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate.
Functions of the Male Reproductive System
- Producing and storing sperm
- Depositing sperm for fertilization
- Developing the male secondary sex characteristics
Male Reproductive System
- Testes: Two oval-shaped structures located in the scrotum, responsible for sperm production and testosterone synthesis.
- Epididymis: Coiled tube above the testes where sperm cells mature.
- Ductus (Vas) Deferens: Muscular tube transporting sperm from the epididymis through the inguinal canal to the ejaculatory duct.
- Seminal Vesicle: Sac-like structure secreting alkaline fluid rich in fructose, contributing to 60% of semen volume.
- Ejaculatory Duct: Short tube transporting sperm and seminal fluid to the urethra.
- Prostate Gland: Chestnut-shaped gland surrounding the urethra, secreting alkaline fluid to enhance sperm motility and neutralize vaginal acidity.
- Cowper's Glands (Bulbourethral Glands): Two pea-sized glands secreting mucus to lubricate the penis during intercourse.
- Scrotum: Sac-like structure housing the testes, providing a cooler environment essential for sperm survival.
- Penis: Cylindrical organ responsible for urine and semen transport, composed of erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum) and capable of becoming erect for sexual intercourse.
- Male Climacteric: Phase of aging marking the transition from reproductive to non-reproductive stage, characterized by decreased testosterone levels, manifesting as changes in erections, prostate gland size, hair growth, and overall muscle tone.
Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries: Almond-shaped structures responsible for estrogen and progesterone production, releasing mature egg cells during the menstrual cycle.
- Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes or Oviducts: Ducts connecting the ovaries to the uterus, transporting the ovum after ovulation through cilia and peristaltic contractions.
- Uterus: Muscular, pear-shaped organ responsible for embryo development, composed of endometrium (inner mucosal layer), myometrium (muscular layer), and perimetrium (serosal layer).
- Vagina: Muscular tube connecting the cervix to the outside, facilitating sexual intercourse, uterine secretion transport, and passage of the infant during childbirth.
- Vulva (External Genitalia): Composed of the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, accessory glands (Skene's and Bartholin's), and perineum.
- Mammary Glands: Glands located in the breasts, responsible for milk production and secretion under the influence of prolactin and oxytocin.
- Female Climacteric: Transition to menopause marked by decreased ovarian function and estrogen production, resulting in changes in vulva, vagina, urinary system, skin, hair, and bone density.
Human Sexuality
- Sexuality: Sense of being a woman or a man, encompassing biological, psychological, social, and ethical dimensions.
- Sex: Biological aspects of sexuality, including genital sexual activity.
- Gender Identity: Sense of being feminine or masculine, influenced by social labeling and behavior patterns.
- Gender Role: Societal and cultural norms attributed to female or male behaviors.
- Sexual Orientation: Erotic desire for a specific gender, with origins yet to be fully understood.
- Transgender: A mismatch between inward sense of sexual identity and biological body.
- Transvestite: A man who periodically dresses as a woman, regardless of sexual orientation.
- Sexual Choices: Personal, family, cultural, religious, and social influences impact sexual behavior, requiring non-judgmental attitudes in healthcare.
- Illness and Sexuality: Illness, medications, and stress can affect sexual functioning, impacting libido and causing changes in nervous, circulatory, or genital systems.
Diagnostic Tests for Women
- Colposcopy: Procedure using a colposcope to visualize the cervix and vagina, requiring preparation for a pelvic examination and abstaining from douching or intercourse beforehand.
- Culdoscopy: Minimally invasive surgical procedure to visualize the uterus and its appendages, requiring pre-operative instructions and anesthesia.
Pelvic Examination
- Examines the area for tumors, cysts, and endometriosis.
- Conization may be done during the procedure - a cone-shaped section removal of eroded or infected tissue.
- Assess for bleeding, vital signs, and voiding after the procedure.
Laparoscopy
- Examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope.
- Allows direct visualization of the uterus and its appendages.
- Foley catheter placed to maintain bladder decompression; CO2 introduced to distend abdomen for easier visualization.
- Biopsies may be taken; tubal ligations may be done.
- Ovaries and fallopian tubes are observed for masses, ectopic pregnancy, adhesions, and pelvic inflammatory disease.
- Instruct patient they may have shoulder pain due to CO2.
Papanicolaou Test (Pap Smear)
- Procedure used to detect cervical cancer.
- A speculum is used to widen the vagina and allow access to the cervix.
- Specimens are collected and labeled with date, time of last menstrual period, and whether the woman is taking estrogen or birth control pills.
- Instruct patient not to douche, use tampons or vaginal medications, or have sexual intercourse for 24 hours prior.
- Screening recommendations (ACS):
- Begin annual Pap tests within 3 years of becoming sexually active or no later than 21 years of age.
- Every year (regular Pap smear) or every 3 years (ThinPrep Pap test).
- 30 years or older – every 3 years, or every 5 years if combined with HPV screening.
- 65 years or older with normal screenings within past 10 years, may stop having screenings.
- More frequent testing for those with history of multiple sexual partners or STIs, family history of cervical cancer, or those whose mothers used diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy.
Biopsy
- Procedures in which samples of tissue are taken for evaluation to confirm or locate a lesion.
- Includes fine needle aspiration, stereotactic or ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy, or open surgical biopsy.
Dilation and Curettage (D&C)
- Surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated to remove the uterine lining (endometrium) with a curette (spoon-shaped instrument).
- Removes abnormal tissues and obtains tissue for biopsy.
- Patient is placed under general anesthesia.
- Packing may be inserted for hemostasis; perineal pad is applied for absorption of drainage.
- Monitor for excessive vaginal bleeding or malodorous drainage after packing is removed.
Cultures and Smears
- Used for detecting infectious processes, abnormal cells, and hormonal changes.
- Collected from exudates of breast, vagina, rectum, and urethra.
Schiller’s Iodine Test
- Staining of cervix to detect abnormal cells.
Hysterograms and Hysterosalpingograms
- Radiographic images of the uterus and uterus & fallopian tubes.
- Contrast medium is injected through a cannula inserted through a speculum in the vagina.
Mammography
- Radiography of the soft tissues of the breast to identify various benign and neoplastic processes, especially those not palpable.
- Recommend beginning between 40-44 years of age.
- Less sensitive in younger patients due to greater density of breast tissue.
Pelvic Ultrasonography
- Use of high-frequency sound waves to evaluate pelvic structures, foreign bodies (intrauterine contraceptive device), fetal growth and viability, and detecting ectopic pregnancies.
Tubal Insufflation (Rubin’s Test)
- Transuterine insufflation of the fallopian tubes with carbon dioxide to assess patency.
- May be part of a fertility study.
Pregnancy Tests
- Detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) through urine or blood.
- Does not show if pregnancy is normal.
- Can be false positive, or due to other disease processes.
Serum CA-125
- Tumor antigen associated with ovarian cancer and prognosis of ovarian cancer.
- Also elevated in endometriosis, PID, pregnancy, and other cancers.
Testicular Biopsy
- Biopsy of testicular tissue.
- Post biopsy care: scrotal support, ice pack, analgesics.
- Warm sitz baths for edema.
- Notify provider if bleeding or elevated temperature occurs.
Semen Analysis
- Analysis to evaluate fertility, effectiveness of a vasectomy, detecting specimen on a suspected sexual assault victim, or determining paternity.
Prostatic Smears
- Smears to detect and identify microorganisms, tumor cells, and even tuberculosis in the prostate.
- Done by massaging of prostate via rectum and patient voiding in container.
Cystoscopy
- Lighted cystoscope passed through the urethra to the bladder to examine the prostate and bladder to detect infections and tumors.
Rectal Digital Examination
- Detects enlarged or abnormal prostate.
Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
- Elevated in the presence of benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy and functions of the male reproductive system, including the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, and associated glands. Test your knowledge of sperm production, transport, and the roles of various structures in male reproduction.
