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Questions and Answers
What is the causative organism of syphilis?
What is the causative organism of syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
Cryptorchidism is characterized by the failure of the testis to descend into the scrotum properly.
Cryptorchidism is characterized by the failure of the testis to descend into the scrotum properly.
True
Which stage of syphilis may involve irreversible changes such as gummas in organs and major blood vessels?
Which stage of syphilis may involve irreversible changes such as gummas in organs and major blood vessels?
What is the function of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?
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Endometrial tissue responds to hormonal changes outside the uterus. Is this statement true or false?
Endometrial tissue responds to hormonal changes outside the uterus. Is this statement true or false?
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What is the term for a fluid-filled sac developing on an ovary?
What is the term for a fluid-filled sac developing on an ovary?
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_______ occurs when excessive fluid collects in the scrotum.
_______ occurs when excessive fluid collects in the scrotum.
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What is the medical term for bleeding between menstrual cycles?
What is the medical term for bleeding between menstrual cycles?
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What is the main function of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?
What is the main function of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?
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What virus causes genital herpes?
What virus causes genital herpes?
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Treatment for syphilis usually involves antimicrobial drugs.
Treatment for syphilis usually involves antimicrobial drugs.
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Syphilis was first identified by Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann in $1905$. The first effective treatment, Salvarsan, was developed in $1910$ by Sahachiro Hata in the laboratory of Paul Ehrlich.
Syphilis was first identified by Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann in $1905$. The first effective treatment, Salvarsan, was developed in $1910$ by Sahachiro Hata in the laboratory of Paul Ehrlich.
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Match the following male reproductive disorder with its description:
Match the following male reproductive disorder with its description:
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What is the inflammation of the fallopian tubes called? Pelvic Inflammatory __________.
What is the inflammation of the fallopian tubes called? Pelvic Inflammatory __________.
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What is the medical term for increased amount and duration of menstrual flow?
What is the medical term for increased amount and duration of menstrual flow?
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Match the following types of tumors with their names:
Match the following types of tumors with their names:
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What is the cause of endometriosis?
What is the cause of endometriosis?
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Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by human herpes virus. Is this statement true or false?
Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by human herpes virus. Is this statement true or false?
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Which is a risk factor for breast cancer?
Which is a risk factor for breast cancer?
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What is the most common symptom of uterine cancer?
What is the most common symptom of uterine cancer?
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Study Notes
Here are the study notes:
Reproductive System Disorders
Male Reproductive System Disorders
- Cryptorchidism: testis fails to descend into scrotum properly; can cause degeneration of seminiferous tubules and impaired spermatogenesis; increases risk of testicular cancer if not treated by age 5 years
- Hydrocele: excessive fluid collects in space between layers of tunica vaginalis of the scrotum; may occur as congenital defect in newborn or acquired as result of injury, infection, or tumor
- Spermatocele: cyst containing fluid and sperm that develops between testis and epididymis; may be related to developmental abnormality; treated with surgical removal
- Varicocele: dilated vein in spermatic cord; lack of valves leads to backflow and increased pressure, causing impaired blood flow to testes and decreased spermatogenesis; requires surgery
- Torsion of the Testes: testes rotate on spermatic cord, compressing arteries and veins, leading to ischemia and swelling; can occur spontaneously or following trauma; treated manually and surgically
Inflammation and Infections
- Prostatitis: infection or inflammation of the prostate gland; caused by bacterial infection, usually by E. coli; can lead to urinary tract infections, prostate abscesses, and infertility
- Balanitis: fungal infection of the glans penis; caused by Candida albicans; symptoms include itching, burning, and vesicles; treated with topical antifungal medication
Tumors
- Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy: non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland; occurs in up to 50% of men > 65 years; can cause urinary obstruction, frequent infections, and distended bladder
- Cancer of the Prostate: most common cancer in men > 50 years; third leading cause of cancer death in men; symptoms include hard nodule on periphery of gland, hesitancy in urination, decreased urine stream, and frequent urination; treated with surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy
- Cancer of the Testes: most testicular tumors are malignant; risk factors include cryptorchidism, family history, and exposure to herbicides; symptoms include enlarged testes, dull aching, and hydrocele or epididymitis; treated with surgical removal and chemotherapy
Female Reproductive System Disorders
- Structural Abnormalities: uterus may be retroflexed, causing back pain, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia
- Menstrual Disorders: include amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and abnormal bleeding
- Endometriosis: growth of endometrial tissue outside uterus; causes pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility; treated with hormonal suppression and surgical removal of ectopic tissue
- Infections: include candidiasis (yeast infection), pelvic inflammatory disease, and infections of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries
- Benign Tumors: include leiomyoma (fibroids), ovarian cysts, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and fibrocystic breast disease
- Malignant Tumors: include carcinoma of the breast, cervix, uterus, and ovaries; risk factors include family history, hormonal imbalance, and radiation exposure; symptoms include abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, and changes in breast tissue.### Breast Cancer
- Tissue biopsy is used to determine the presence of specific growth factors to design drug treatment and chemotherapy.
- Radiation therapy may be done before or after surgery.
- Lumpectomy is a type of breast cancer surgery that removes the tumor and a small amount of surrounding tissue called the margin.
Carcinoma of the Cervix
- Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, a sexually transmitted virus.
- Vaccines now exist against the causative strains of HPV.
- Routine Pap smears of cervical cells are important in identifying early, treatable stages of the disease.
- Pap smears should be done by age 20 years or in the year that sexual intercourse begins, and at intervals as advised by a healthcare worker.
Etiology of Carcinoma of the Cervix
- Risk factors for cervical cancer include:
- Age < 40 years
- Strongly linked to HPV viral infection (STD)
- Multiple partners
- Sexual intercourse beginning in early teenage years
- Smoking
- History of prior STDs
Carcinoma of the Uterus
- Most common in postmenopausal women
- Early indicator is painless vaginal bleeding
- Risk factors for uterine cancer include:
- Age > 50 years
- High-dose estrogen hormone treatment without progesterone
- Obesity
- Diabetes
Ovarian Cancer
- Ovarian cancer is considered a silent tumor, with few diagnosed in the early stage
- Research is ongoing to identify markers for serum diagnosis
- Different types of ovarian cancer vary in aggressiveness
- Risk factors for ovarian cancer include:
- Obesity
- BRCA1 gene
- Early menarche
- Nulliparous or late first pregnancy
- Use of fertility drugs
- Surgery and chemotherapy are usual treatments for ovarian cancer
Infertility
- Cause may be a female condition, male condition, or a combination of both
- Associated with:
- Hormonal imbalances
- Age of parents
- Structural abnormalities
- Infections
- Chemotherapy
- Workplace toxins
- Other environmental factors
- Idiopathic (unknown cause)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Bacterial Infections:
- Chlamydial Infection
- Gonorrhea
- Syphilis
- Viral Infections:
- Genital Herpes
- Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)
- Protozoan Infection:
- Trichomoniasis
Bacterial Infections
- Chlamydial Infections:
- Considered one of the most common STDs
- Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
- Males: urethritis and epididymitis
- Females: often asymptomatic until PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) or infertility develops
- Newborns may be infected during birth
- Gonorrhea:
- Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- May infect the eyes of the newborn, causing irreversible damage and blindness
- May spread systemically to cause septic arthritis
- Syphilis:
- Caused by Treponema pallidum, a spirochete
- 4 stages (primary, secondary, latent, tertiary)
- Tertiary syphilis: irreversible changes, including gummas in organs and major blood vessels, dementia, blindness, and motor disabilities
- Organism can be transmitted to the fetus in utero
- Treatment is usually antimicrobial drugs
Syphilis (Cont.)
- History of syphilis:
- First recorded outbreak in Europe in 1494/1495 in Naples, Italy
- Known as "French disease"
- Causative organism, Treponema pallidum, was first identified in 1905
- First effective treatment, Salvarsan, was developed in 1910
- Introduction of penicillin in 1943
- Many well-known figures, including Scott Joplin, Franz Schubert, Friedrich Nietzsche, Al Capone, and Édouard Manet, are believed to have contracted the disease
- Origin of syphilis is still unknown, with two primary hypotheses:
- Carried to Europe from the Americas by the crew of Christopher Columbus
- Previously existed in Europe but went unrecognized
Viral Infections
- Genital Herpes:
- Caused by HSV-2 or HSV-1
- Recurrent outbreaks of blister-like vesicles on the genitalia
- Infectivity greater when symptoms are present
- Reactivation is common and may be associated with stress, illness, and menstruation
- Antiviral drugs are used for treatment and prevention of transmission
- Infection is considered lifelong
- Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts):
- Caused by HPV
- Incubation period may be up to 6 months
- Disease may be asymptomatic
- Warts vary in appearance
- Warts can appear wherever contact with the virus has occurred
- Warts can be removed by different methods
- May predispose to cervical or vulvar cancer
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Description
This quiz covers various aspects of the male reproductive system, including the functions of different organs and the effects of syphilis. It also tests knowledge of the symptoms and treatment of syphilis.
