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Questions and Answers
Which of the following organs is primarily responsible for sperm production in the male reproductive system?
Which of the following organs is primarily responsible for sperm production in the male reproductive system?
What is the main function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?
What is the main function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?
Which structure connects the testis with the scrotum in embryonic development?
Which structure connects the testis with the scrotum in embryonic development?
Which duct is responsible for transporting sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?
Which duct is responsible for transporting sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?
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What is one of the key roles of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive system?
What is one of the key roles of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive system?
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What is the main secretion of the seminal glands?
What is the main secretion of the seminal glands?
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How many lobes does the prostate contain?
How many lobes does the prostate contain?
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Where do the ejaculatory ducts end?
Where do the ejaculatory ducts end?
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What kind of secretion is produced by the bulbo-urethral glands?
What kind of secretion is produced by the bulbo-urethral glands?
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Which nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the penis?
Which nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the penis?
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What is the primary function of the testes?
What is the primary function of the testes?
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Which of the following structures is responsible for the mechanism of erection?
Which of the following structures is responsible for the mechanism of erection?
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What structure surrounds the spongy (cavernous) urethra?
What structure surrounds the spongy (cavernous) urethra?
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What muscle is involved in the suspension of the testis and the wrinkling of scrotum skin?
What muscle is involved in the suspension of the testis and the wrinkling of scrotum skin?
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Which part of the male urethra is surrounded by the internal urethral sphincter?
Which part of the male urethra is surrounded by the internal urethral sphincter?
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What two arteries supply blood to the penis?
What two arteries supply blood to the penis?
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What structure acts as a closed peritoneal sac surrounding the testis?
What structure acts as a closed peritoneal sac surrounding the testis?
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What is the approximate length of the male urethra?
What is the approximate length of the male urethra?
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Which part of the ductus deferens crosses the external iliac vessels?
Which part of the ductus deferens crosses the external iliac vessels?
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Study Notes
Male Reproductive System
- Functions include reproduction, sexual intercourse, and urination.
- Parts include internal and external genitalia.
- Learning objectives include understanding male genitalia development, anatomy of external genital organs, male urethra, and internal genital organs.
- Organs of the male reproductive system include testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens, spermatic cord, ejaculatory duct, prostate, male urethra, bulbourethral glands, male urethra, and scrotum. The penis is also a key organ. These structures are involved in sperm production, maturation, conduction, and sexual intercourse.
Embryology
- Gonads differentiate into testes due to Y chromosome/TDF.
- Leydig cells and Sertoli cells are key for this process.
- Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts form epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles.
- Mullerian ducts degenerate.
- Testosterone and DHT are key hormones driving development.
- The penis develops from genital tubercle/urethral folds.
- The descent of the testes to the scrotum occurs around the 28th week. The gubernaculum is critical for the process.
- The gubernaculum and related connective tissues direct testicular movement and hold them in place.
- Retroperitoneal connective tissue and the primordial scrotum facilitate testis descent.
- Peritoneal diverticulum is the processus vaginalis.
Ectopic Testis
- Ectopic testis are abnormal locations of the testes.
- Locations include abdominal, femoral, and pubopenile.
Penis
- Parts include the root, body, and glans.
- The root comprises crura and bulb of penis.
- Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles are critical for erection and ejaculation.
- The body includes corpora cavernosa (x2) and corpus spongiosum. The corpus spongiosum contains the urethra.
- Tunica albuginea covers the cavernous bodies.
- Deep fascia (Buck's fascia) is a key layer.
- Arteries include dorsal and deep penile arteries.
- Veins include deep and superficial dorsal veins.
- Nerves include the dorsal nerve of the penis and pudendal nerve (S2-S4).
- Suspensory and fundiform ligaments support the penis.
Mechanism of Erection
- Erection involves the relaxation of helicine arteries and smooth muscles, leading to blood flow into cavernous spaces.
- Key neurotransmitters and hormones involved include acetylcholine, dopamine, ATP, adenosine, VIP, peptides, adrenomedullin, CGRP, prostanglandins, and endocannabinoids.
Penile fracture
- Penile fracture is an injury to the suspensory ligaments, penis fascia, or surrounding tissue. This leads to a visible deformation, like an "eggplant" form.
Male Urethra
- Length: 18-22 cm.
- Sections: intramural (preprostatic), prostatic, intermediate (membranous), and spongy (cavernous).
- Sphincters: internal and external urethral sphincters are important.
Scrotum
- Cutaneous sac containing the testes, with pigmented skin and dartos muscle.
- Separating right and left compartments is the septum of the scrotum.
- The dartos muscle controls the skin wrinkling of the scrotum.
Testes
- Male gonads producing sperm and testosterone.
- Tunica vaginalis (closed peritoneal sac) partially surrounds the testes.
- Tough fibrous layer/tunica albuginea surrounds the testes, forming lobules.
- Seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testes, and efferent ductules are important structures.
Testes Vascularization
- Testicular arteries arise from the abdominal aorta.
- Right testicular veins drain into the inferior vena cava.
- Left testicular veins drain into the renal vein.
Testicular torsion
- A twisting or rotation of the testis, decreasing blood flow.
Epididymis
- Elongated structure behind the testis.
- The duct of epididymis has tight convolutions.
- The head, body, and tail connect to the ductus deferens.
Ductus Deferens
- Thick-walled, cord-like structure carrying sperm.
- Continuation of the epididymis.
- Part of the spermatic cord, crossing the external iliac vessels and lateral pelvic wall.
- Joins the seminal vesicle duct to form the ejaculatory duct.
Spermatic Cord
- Collective name for structures supporting the testes.
- Includes vas deferens, testicular artery and vein, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and ilioinguinal and genital branch of genitofemoral nerve.
Seminal Vesicles
- 5 cm long; between bladder fundus and rectum.
- Covered by peritoneum of rectovesical pouch.
- Secrete fructose-rich fluid and coagulating agent.
Ejaculatory Ducts
- 2.5 cm long.
- Union of seminal glands ducts & ductus deferens.
- End near the prostatic utricle.
Prostate
- Walnut-sized accessory gland.
- Glandular/fibromuscular part.
- Lobules (isthmus, median, posterior, lateral) are significant.
- Prostatic capsule, venous plexus, and sheath (visceral layer of pelvic fascia) are important.
Bulbo-urethral Glands
- Pea-sized glands within external urethral sphincter.
- Opening into proximal spongy urethra.
Innervation
- Sympathetic (T12-L2, hypogastric pelvic plexuses) and parasympathetic (S2-S4, pelvic splanchnic nerves) innervations are important for male reproductive system functions.
- Pudendal nerve and other components are also key for sensitive control.
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Description
Explore the male reproductive system, including its functions, anatomy, and development. This quiz covers key organs such as the testes and penis, as well as the embryological processes involved in male genitalia differentiation. Understand the roles of hormones and ducts in the formation of male reproductive structures.
