Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the sac that houses and protects the testicles?
What is the sac that houses and protects the testicles?
Scrotum
What is the external separation of the scrotum into two halves called?
What is the external separation of the scrotum into two halves called?
Median raphe
What is the internal layer that separates the scrotum's halves called?
What is the internal layer that separates the scrotum's halves called?
Tunica dartos
What are the symmetrical, oval-shaped glands that produce testosterone and sperm?
What are the symmetrical, oval-shaped glands that produce testosterone and sperm?
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What are the dimensions of the testes in adults?
What are the dimensions of the testes in adults?
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What are the conical divisions within each testis called?
What are the conical divisions within each testis called?
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What is the site of spermatogenesis within testicular lobules?
What is the site of spermatogenesis within testicular lobules?
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What network drains seminiferous tubules into the epididymis?
What network drains seminiferous tubules into the epididymis?
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What connects the rete testis to the head of the epididymis?
What connects the rete testis to the head of the epididymis?
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What is the continuation of the efferent ductules that stores sperm?
What is the continuation of the efferent ductules that stores sperm?
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What is the thicker duct that transports sperm to the ejaculatory duct?
What is the thicker duct that transports sperm to the ejaculatory duct?
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What is the 6-7 cm tubular structure that is responsible for sperm maturation?
What is the 6-7 cm tubular structure that is responsible for sperm maturation?
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What are the three sections of the epididymis?
What are the three sections of the epididymis?
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What is the dense tissue that covers each testicle?
What is the dense tissue that covers each testicle?
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What is the fibrous structure that supports vessels within the testis?
What is the fibrous structure that supports vessels within the testis?
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What bright line is seen on sonography in the mediastinum?
What bright line is seen on sonography in the mediastinum?
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What two-layered membrane covers the testis and epididymis?
What two-layered membrane covers the testis and epididymis?
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What is the inner lining of the scrotal wall called?
What is the inner lining of the scrotal wall called?
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What surrounds the testis and epididymis?
What surrounds the testis and epididymis?
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What is the fluid accumulation between the tunica vaginalis layers called?
What is the fluid accumulation between the tunica vaginalis layers called?
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What suspends the testis and contains the vas deferens and vessels?
What suspends the testis and contains the vas deferens and vessels?
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What muscle controls the position of the testis in the scrotum?
What muscle controls the position of the testis in the scrotum?
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What vessels show a low resistance pattern on Doppler ultrasound?
What vessels show a low resistance pattern on Doppler ultrasound?
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What veins drain the scrotum and aid in thermoregulation?
What veins drain the scrotum and aid in thermoregulation?
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What is the name of the vein that drains the right testicle into the inferior vena cava and the left testicle into the renal vein?
What is the name of the vein that drains the right testicle into the inferior vena cava and the left testicle into the renal vein?
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What vein drains into the pelvic veins from the vas deferens?
What vein drains into the pelvic veins from the vas deferens?
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What vein drains into the epigastric and deep pudendal veins?
What vein drains into the epigastric and deep pudendal veins?
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What is the recommended position for a patient during scrotal ultrasound?
What is the recommended position for a patient during scrotal ultrasound?
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What type of probes are used for scrotal ultrasound?
What type of probes are used for scrotal ultrasound?
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What view is used to image the long axis of the testis for measurements?
What view is used to image the long axis of the testis for measurements?
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What view provides a cross-sectional image of the testis and epididymis?
What view provides a cross-sectional image of the testis and epididymis?
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What is the condition where a testicle does not descend normally into the scrotum?
What is the condition where a testicle does not descend normally into the scrotum?
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What is the condition where an undescended testicle does not follow the normal path of descent?
What is the condition where an undescended testicle does not follow the normal path of descent?
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What is the rare condition where a testicle has a supernumerary testicle?
What is the rare condition where a testicle has a supernumerary testicle?
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What is the sonographic appearance of an undescended testicle?
What is the sonographic appearance of an undescended testicle?
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What technique is used to assess varicocele during ultrasound?
What technique is used to assess varicocele during ultrasound?
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What technique is used to visualize blood flow in vessels?
What technique is used to visualize blood flow in vessels?
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What is the inflammation of the epididymis?
What is the inflammation of the epididymis?
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What is the inflammation of the testis called?
What is the inflammation of the testis called?
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What is the condition where both the epididymis and testis are inflamed?
What is the condition where both the epididymis and testis are inflamed?
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What is the presence of tiny calcifications within testicular tissue called?
What is the presence of tiny calcifications within testicular tissue called?
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What is the enlargement of veins within the scrotum called?
What is the enlargement of veins within the scrotum called?
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What is a surgical emergency due to a twisted spermatic cord?
What is a surgical emergency due to a twisted spermatic cord?
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What is the accumulation of fluid in the scrotal area called?
What is the accumulation of fluid in the scrotal area called?
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What injury to the scrotum may require imaging for assessment?
What injury to the scrotum may require imaging for assessment?
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What is the twisting of the spermatic cord causing pain?
What is the twisting of the spermatic cord causing pain?
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What percentage of testes can be salvaged if surgery is performed within 6 hours?
What percentage of testes can be salvaged if surgery is performed within 6 hours?
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What percentage of testes can be salvaged if surgery is performed between 6 and 12 hours?
What percentage of testes can be salvaged if surgery is performed between 6 and 12 hours?
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What percentage of testes can be salvaged if surgery is performed after 12 hours?
What percentage of testes can be salvaged if surgery is performed after 12 hours?
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What percentage of testes are typically not salvageable after 24 hours?
What percentage of testes are typically not salvageable after 24 hours?
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When does pain from testicular torsion often start?
When does pain from testicular torsion often start?
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What type of pain may be referred from testicular issues?
What type of pain may be referred from testicular issues?
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What is a common physical examination finding in torsion?
What is a common physical examination finding in torsion?
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What are common symptoms associated with testicular torsion?
What are common symptoms associated with testicular torsion?
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What abnormal positioning may indicate testicular torsion?
What abnormal positioning may indicate testicular torsion?
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What sonographic findings suggest testicular torsion?
What sonographic findings suggest testicular torsion?
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What is the sonographic appearance of the testicle in torsion cases?
What is the sonographic appearance of the testicle in torsion cases?
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What is the name of the collection of serous fluid in the scrotum?
What is the name of the collection of serous fluid in the scrotum?
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What is the collection of pus in the scrotum due to infection?
What is the collection of pus in the scrotum due to infection?
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What is the collection of blood in the scrotum, often from trauma?
What is the collection of blood in the scrotum, often from trauma?
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What is the sonographic appearance of an acute hematocele?
What is the sonographic appearance of an acute hematocele?
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What is a focal alteration and blood flow disruption that can occur due to trauma?
What is a focal alteration and blood flow disruption that can occur due to trauma?
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What are some causes of scrotal trauma?
What are some causes of scrotal trauma?
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What appears as a heterogeneous area within the scrotum after trauma?
What appears as a heterogeneous area within the scrotum after trauma?
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What is the name of the indicator of appendiceal torsion in boys?
What is the name of the indicator of appendiceal torsion in boys?
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What is the calcified appendix after torsion called?
What is the calcified appendix after torsion called?
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What is the name of the varicocele caused by incompetent venous valves?
What is the name of the varicocele caused by incompetent venous valves?
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What condition occurs when the left renal vein is compressed between the SMA and aorta?
What condition occurs when the left renal vein is compressed between the SMA and aorta?
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What is the name of the varicocele caused by increased pressure in the spermatic vein?
What is the name of the varicocele caused by increased pressure in the spermatic vein?
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What is the sonographic appearance of a varicocele?
What is the sonographic appearance of a varicocele?
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What maneuver can be used to increase the flow and diameter of a varicocele during ultrasound?
What maneuver can be used to increase the flow and diameter of a varicocele during ultrasound?
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What are the clinical signs of a varicocele?
What are the clinical signs of a varicocele?
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What is the name of inflammation affecting scrotal structures?
What is the name of inflammation affecting scrotal structures?
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What is the inflammation of the epididymis, causing pain?
What is the inflammation of the epididymis, causing pain?
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What is the common cause of epididymitis in younger men?
What is the common cause of epididymitis in younger men?
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What are some other causes of epididymitis in adults?
What are some other causes of epididymitis in adults?
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What are the sonographic findings of epididymitis?
What are the sonographic findings of epididymitis?
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What is the infection of both the epididymis and testis, often secondary to epididymitis?
What is the infection of both the epididymis and testis, often secondary to epididymitis?
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What is the accumulation of pus between the tunica vaginalis layers?
What is the accumulation of pus between the tunica vaginalis layers?
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What is the blood supply obstruction due to excessive swelling called?
What is the blood supply obstruction due to excessive swelling called?
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What is the presence of tiny calcifications in the testicle?
What is the presence of tiny calcifications in the testicle?
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What are cysts found outside the testicle, often asymptomatic?
What are cysts found outside the testicle, often asymptomatic?
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What are cystic dilatations of the epididymis containing fluid called?
What are cystic dilatations of the epididymis containing fluid called?
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What are small, clear cysts within the epididymis called?
What are small, clear cysts within the epididymis called?
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What is the name of a cyst located along the periphery of the testicle?
What is the name of a cyst located along the periphery of the testicle?
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What is the herniation of bowel or omentum into the scrotum called?
What is the herniation of bowel or omentum into the scrotum called?
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What are cysts found within the testis, common after age 40?
What are cysts found within the testis, common after age 40?
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What is the name of the chronic inflammation due to sperm extravasation?
What is the name of the chronic inflammation due to sperm extravasation?
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What are ectopic adrenal tissue in the testicle from fetal development called?
What are ectopic adrenal tissue in the testicle from fetal development called?
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What is the hormonal disorder affecting adrenal gland function called?
What is the hormonal disorder affecting adrenal gland function called?
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What is the increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the blood called?
What is the increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the blood called?
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What is the hormonal disorder from prolonged cortisol exposure called?
What is the hormonal disorder from prolonged cortisol exposure called?
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What is the sonographic appearance of bilateral, round, hypoechoic intratesticular masses?
What is the sonographic appearance of bilateral, round, hypoechoic intratesticular masses?
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What are malignant tumors originating in testicular tissue called?
What are malignant tumors originating in testicular tissue called?
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What are tumors derived from germ cells in the testes called?
What are tumors derived from germ cells in the testes called?
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What is the most common testicular malignancy in ages 30-50?
What is the most common testicular malignancy in ages 30-50?
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What is a common symptom of testicular tumors?
What is a common symptom of testicular tumors?
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What is the increased human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood called?
What is the increased human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood called?
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What is a benign tumor with potential for malignancy called?
What is a benign tumor with potential for malignancy called?
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What is the increased alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the blood called?
What is the increased alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the blood called?
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What is the sonographic appearance of a tumor with varied echogenicity?
What is the sonographic appearance of a tumor with varied echogenicity?
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What is the name of the aggressive testicular cancer that is often palpable?
What is the name of the aggressive testicular cancer that is often palpable?
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What are fluid-filled areas within a tumor mass called?
What are fluid-filled areas within a tumor mass called?
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What is a rare tumor with a favorable prognosis and elevated AFP?
What is a rare tumor with a favorable prognosis and elevated AFP?
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What is a rare, aggressive tumor with elevated hCG?
What is a rare, aggressive tumor with elevated hCG?
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What characteristic of aggressive tumors can be seen on imaging?
What characteristic of aggressive tumors can be seen on imaging?
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What is an uncommon tumor that produces testosterone and causes virilization?
What is an uncommon tumor that produces testosterone and causes virilization?
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What is an extremely rare tumor that produces estrogen and causes gynecomastia?
What is an extremely rare tumor that produces estrogen and causes gynecomastia?
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What is a rare tumor that is associated with chromosomal abnormalities?
What is a rare tumor that is associated with chromosomal abnormalities?
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What are rare cancers, usually occurring later in life?
What are rare cancers, usually occurring later in life?
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What is the bilateral spread of cancer from primary tumors elsewhere called?
What is the bilateral spread of cancer from primary tumors elsewhere called?
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What is the sonographic appearance of a bright area on ultrasound indicating solid tissue?
What is the sonographic appearance of a bright area on ultrasound indicating solid tissue?
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Study Notes
Male Reproductive System Anatomy & Pathology
- Scrotum: Sac containing and protecting the testicles.
- Median Raphe: External line dividing the scrotum.
- Tunica Dartos: Internal layer separating scrotum halves.
- Testes: Oval-shaped glands producing testosterone and sperm (3-5 x 2-4 x 3 cm).
- Lobules: Conical sections (250-400) within each testis.
- Seminiferous Tubules: Site of sperm production (spermatogenesis).
- Rete Testis: Network draining seminiferous tubules to epididymis.
- Efferent Ductules: Connect rete testis to epididymis head.
- Ductus Epididymis: Stores sperm and continues efferent ductules.
- Epididymis: 6-7 cm structure for sperm maturation, divided into head, body, and tail.
- Vas Deferens: Thick duct carrying sperm to ejaculatory duct.
- Tunica Albuginea: Dense tissue covering each testicle.
- Mediastinum Testis: Fibrous structure supporting testicular vessels.
- Hyperechoic Line: Bright line on sonography, representing mediastinum.
- Tunica Vaginalis: Two-layered membrane covering the testis and epididymis.
- Parietal Layer: Inner scrotal wall lining.
- Visceral Layer: Wraps testis and epididymis.
- Hydrocele: Fluid buildup between tunica vaginalis layers.
- Spermatic Cord: Suspends testis, containing vas deferens and vessels.
- Cremaster Muscle: Adjusts testis position.
- Intratesticular Arteries: Show low resistance on Doppler.
- Pampiniform Plexus: Veins draining scrotum, thermoregulation.
- Testicular Vein: Right drains to inferior vena cava; left to renal vein.
- Deferential Vein: Drains from vas deferens to pelvic veins.
- Cremasteric Vein: Drains to epigastric and deep pudendal veins.
- Sonography Position: Patient supine, penis covered.
- High-Frequency Probes: 10-14 MHz for scrotal ultrasound.
- Sagittal View: Long axis of testis for measurement.
- Transverse View: Cross-section of testis and epididymis.
- Cryptorchidism: Undescended testicle, infertility risk.
- Testicular Ectopia: Undescended testicle, abnormal path.
- Polyorchidism: Extra testicle, rare.
- Sonographic Findings (Cryptorchidism): Smaller, hypoechoic undescended testicle.
- Valsalva Maneuver: Used to assess varicocele.
- Color Doppler: Visualizes blood flow in vessels.
- Epididymitis: Inflammation of epididymis (often painful).
- Orchitis: Inflammation of testicle, causing swelling.
- Epididymo-orchitis: Inflammation of both epididymis and testicle.
- Microlithiasis: Tiny calcifications in testicular tissue.
- Varicocele: Enlarged scrotal veins, often asymptomatic.
- Torsion: Twisted spermatic cord (surgical emergency).
- Fluid Collections: Accumulations in scrotum, possibly abnormal.
- Trauma: Scrotum injury; sonography assessment needed.
- Testicular Torsion Symptoms: Sudden, severe pain, swollen scrotum, nausea, vomiting.
- Sonographic Appearance of Torsion: Enlarged spermatic cord, absent intratesticular blood flow.
- Heterogeneous Testicle: Hypoechoic appearance in torsion.
- Pyocele: Pus accumulation.
- Hematocele: Blood accumulation, often from trauma.
- Acute Hematocele Appearance: Echogenic, visible echoes.
- Testicular Rupture: Focal alteration, blood flow disruption.
- Scrotal Trauma Causes: MVA, athletic injury, blows.
- Hematoma: Heterogeneous area, from trauma.
- Blue-Dot Sign: Indicator of appendiceal torsion (boys).
- Scrotal Pearl: Calcified appendix post-torsion.
- Primary Varicocele: Incompetent venous valves.
- Secondary Varicocele: Increased pressure in spermatic vein.
- Sonographic Appearance of Varicocele: Anechoic, tortuous tubes.
- Varicocele Clinical Signs: Painless, palpable "bag of worms" mass.
- Scrotal Inflammation: Inflammation of scrotal structures.
- Common Causes of Epididymitis: STDs in young men; other causes in adults.
- Sonographic Findings (Epididymitis): Enlarged hypoechoic epididymis, increased blood flow.
- Testicular Infarction: Blood supply obstruction from swelling.
Testicular Tumors & Related Conditions
- Extratesticular Masses (Examples): Cysts (spermatoceles, epididymal cysts, tunica albuginea cysts).
- Spermatoceles: Fluid-filled cysts in the epididymis.
- Epididymal Cysts: Small cysts in the epididymis.
- Tunica Albuginea Cysts: Cysts along testicular periphery.
- Scrotal Hernia: Herniation of bowel or omentum.
- Intratesticular Cyst: Cysts within the testis.
- Sperm Granuloma: Chronic inflammation due to sperm extravasation.
- Adrenal Rests: Ectopic adrenal tissue.
- Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Hormonal disorder.
- Elevated ACTH: Increased adrenocorticotropic hormone.
- Cushing Syndrome: Prolonged cortisol exposure.
- Sonographic Appearance (Adrenal Rests): Bilateral, round, hypoechoic masses (intesticual).
- Testicular Carcinoma: Cancer of testicular tissue (Germ Cell Tumors).
- Seminoma: Common testicular cancer (30-50 years).
- Painless Scrotal Mass: Possible symptom of testicular cancer.
- Elevated hCG: Increased human chorionic gonadotropin.
- Teratoma: Benign tumor, potential for malignancy.
- Elevated AFP: Increased alpha-fetoprotein: indicates tumor.
- Embryonal Cell Carcinoma: Aggressive testicular cancer, often palpable.
- Yolk Sac Tumor: Rare tumor, favorable prognosis, elevated AFP.
- Choriocarcinoma: Rare, aggressive tumor, elevated hCG.
- Irregular Borders: Characteristic of aggressive tumors.
- Leydig Cell Tumor: Produces testosterone, causing virilization.
- Sertoli Cell Tumor: Rare, produces estrogen, gynecomastia.
- Granulosa Cell Tumor: Rare, chromosomal abnormalities.
- Lymphoma/Leukemia: Rare, occurs later in life.
- Metastasis to Testicle: Spread from other primary tumors.
- Hyperechoic Mass: Bright area on ultrasound, solid tissue.
Testicular Torsion - Surgical Intervention Timing
- Surgery Timing (6 hours): 80-100% salvage rate.
- Surgery Timing (6-12 hours): 70% salvage rate.
- Surgery Timing (after 12 hours): 20% salvage rate.
- Surgery Timing (after 24 hours): Often not salvageable.
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Description
Explore the intricate anatomy and pathology of the male reproductive system. This quiz covers key structures such as the scrotum, testes, and epididymis while delving into their functions and significance in male health. Perfect for students in anatomy and physiology courses.
