Male Reproductive Anatomy

• Reproductive sites may be categorized by function.

Functions

• Gonads produce gametes and secrete sex hormones
• Various ducts store and transport gametes
• Accessory sex glands protect gametes and facilitate movement
• Supporting structures assist in the delivery of gametes
• The uterus serves as the site for implementation and growth of an embryo

Male Reproductive System

• Includes testes, ducts, accessory sex glands, and supporting structures

Testes

• Produce sperm and the hormone, testosterone

Ducts

• Transport and assist sperm maturation

Accessory Sex Glands

• These secrete liquid portion of semen

Supporting Structures

• The scrotum supports the testes
• The penis contains the urethra, a passageway for sperm and urine

Scrotum and Spermatic Cord

• A supporting structure with the Ductus deferens, autonomic nerves, testicular artery, lymphatic vessels, and testicular veins

Scrotal Septum

• Internally divides the scrotum into two sacs

Cremaster Muscle

• A series of small skeletal muscle bands

Dartos Muscle

• Contracts in response to cold temperatures to keep testes warm

Raphe

• Externally divides the scrotum into two sacs

Testes Descent

• Testes start to descend in the seventh month of fetal development

Tunica Vaginalis

• Testes are partially covered by this membrane derived from the peritoneum
• Hydrocele results from fluid accumulation between the visceral and parietal layers

Tunica Albuginea

• Connective tissue extends inward, dividing testes into lobules

Lobules

• Each lobule contains three seminiferous tubules

Seminiferous Tubules

• Site of sperm production
• Semin = seed / fer = carry

Seminiferous Tubules

• Contain two types of cells: germ cells and nurse cells (Sertoli cells)

Germ Cells

• Stem cells that differentiate into spermatogonium

Nurse Cells

• Spermatogonium migrates between nurse cells, performing meiosis which results in sperm production
• Secrete a fluid that flushes sperm down seminiferous tubules

Spermatogenesis

• The production of sperm
• It lasts approximately 70 days
• Begins with spermatogonium, which undergoes meiosis to become primary spermatocytes
• Meiosis II results in spermatid production
• Spermiogenesis, the final stage of spermatogenesis, turns each spermatid into a sperm

Sperm Head

• Contains 23 haploid chromosomes within the nucleus
• The acrosome covers the nucleus and contains enzymes to penetrate a secondary oocyte

Sperm Neck

• Composed of tubules

Sperm Tail

• Has three parts: a middle piece, a principle piece, and an end piece
• The middle piece contains mitochondria which provides energy
• The principle piece is the longest section of the tail

Sperm Survival

• Sperm will not survive more than 48 hours within the female reproductive tract

Epididymis

• Lined with columnar epithelium and smooth muscle
• Sperm moves from the testes into the epididymis to mature, acquire motility and the ability to fertilize an ovum
• The duct collects sperm from seminiferous tubules and transports it to the ductus deferens

Ductus Deferens

• Travels outward from the scrotum, passing over the urinary bladder and ending at the urethra
• Stores sperm until ejaculation

Ampulla

• Dilated terminal of the ductus deferens
• The dilated end of a duct is shaped like a Roman ampulla

Ejaculatory Duct

• A short duct extending from the ampulla to the prostatic urethra

Ductus Deferens Tissue Layers

• The mucosa is pseudostratified columnar epithelium supported by lamina propria
• The muscularis has three layers: two longitudinal and one circular

Urethra

• Shared terminal duct between reproductive and urinary systems

Urethra Sections

• Prostatic urethra travels through the prostrate gland
• Intermediate urethra passes through the perineum
• Spongy urethra passes through the penis
• The spongy urethra ends at the external urethral orifice

Prostate Gland

• Secretes milky fluid with enzymes and antibiotics to destroy bacteria

Seminal Gland

• Secretes fluid with alkaline, neutralizes acid, fructose, ATP production, prostaglandins for sperm motility, and clotting proteins to help semen coagulate

Bulbourethral Gland

• Secretes alkaline fluid protecting sperm from the acidic vagina, and mucus

Semen

• A mixture of sperm and seminal fluid
• Typical volume is 2.5-5mL with 50-150 million sperm per mL

Penis

• Contains two cylindrical masses of erectile tissue surrounded by fibrous tissue

Corpora Cavernosa

• Large masses of the penis

Corpus Spongiosum

• The middle mass contains the spongy urethra and keeps it open during ejaculation

Glans Penis

• Located at the distal end of the penis

Prepuce

• Covers the Glands Penis in uncircumcised males

Female Reproductive System

• Made of the ovary, fimbriae, tube, uterus, cervix, and vagina

Uterine Sites

• Site of fertilization (union of oocyte and sperm)
• No fertilization results in degeneration
• Fertilization and Union result in a zygote
• Zygote implantation site is 6–7 days after fertilization, development of a fetus, and labor

Vagina

• Receives penis and is the passageway for childbirth

Mammary Glands

• Helps with milk synthesis, secretion, and nourishment for the newborn

Ovaries

• Female gonads (paired glands)
• Contain ovarian follicles consisting of oocytes in various stages of development
• Produces secondary oocytes which contain 23 haploid chromosomes
• Secondary oocytes are ovulated
• Produces four hormones: progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibin

Ligaments

• Ovarian ligaments help ovaries anchor to the uterus
• Broad ligaments help attaches the ovaries with double fold
• Suspensory: attaches the uterus to the pelvic wall

Histology

• Ovarian mesothelium is simple epithelium that covers the surface
• Tunica albuginea is an ovary connective tissue
• Ovarian follicles contain oocytes various stages of development
• Tertiary follicle ready to rupture
• Corpus Luteum remnants of tertiary follicle ovulation and produces hormones

Oogenesis

• Formation of gametes in the ovaries
• Oocytes develop protected by a follicle cells
• Follicles go through stages
• There are 5 layers of Anatomy

Oocyte Layers

• Oocyte, then Zone pellucida
• Granulosa cells for estrogen development
• Then Basemant cells encompasses all of the Granulosa
• Last outer layer is vascularized stomal Thecu externa with collagen

Fetal Period

• During this period primodial develop primary Oocyte by mitosis and begins Meiosis 1

Puberty to Menopause

• Every month Primary Oocyte completes one meosis to create 4 secondary oocyte
• Than a seconary matures into Tetriat OF
• ovulation Meiosis is completed if fetilized.

Uterine Tubes

• Fallopian laterally extends from the Uterus
• The tubes transport the Oocytes from ovaries to tubes
• The projections sweep at the infundibulum
• The funnel shape or Utuerine tubes is infundibulum
• The widest portion is Ampulla
• Isthmus joins the Utuerus at the ends

###Utuerine Tubes

• Simple columnar tissues will tiny hairs that will move the ovules in the tube
• Layers are 2 musclular
• Cillia will move the zygote toward the implantation to the uterus

Sites for Uturus are 3 arease

• On Utueris ends called Fundus
• The centeral portion called Body
• The narrow is the opening for the vagina called the Cervix

Uturus Layers

• Outer layer is epithelium squamosa
• Other is the muscle
• Last Layer is the Endometrium: This layer has 3 layers, the vascualrized vessels compact, and outer is the Functional layer, than the is the Basal layer with permanent stem cells the gives rise the menstruation

Vagina

• Extending from the external body to the cervix Receptacle to the penis
• A tube for Outlet or menstrual flow

Vulva

• The "wrapping" gentitals of females
• The outer area is elevation of tissue
• Inside are Labia majora the external skin folding close the scrotal
• Labia minors the homologous inside
• The clit is homologous the glans penis and erectiles is inner part

Mamary Glands

• They synthesize and secrets the ejection of milk
• Also, has nipple, pigmented skin called areola
• Contain the glandular is avoeli
• Pathway includes alevio and duct and tubels.