Male Infertility Causes and Phenotype

The testes were small, and the sperm count was only about 3% of ______.

ABNORMAL CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE Reciprocal translocation involves the transfer of genetic material between homologous ______.

Individuals with balanced reciprocal translocations are usually ______ normal.

Animals with reciprocal translocations have a normal complement of chromosomal material but may face fertility issues during ______ I.

Robertsonian centric fusion translocation involves the fusion of two acrocentric chromosomes to produce one ______ chromosome.

Lamarck is usually associated with the inheritance of acquired characteristics, a phenomenon that modern biology terms as ______

Human chromosomal fusion, such as chromosomes 13 and 14, does not always cause health problems and individuals can live a long and healthy life if there are no other health ______.

An acquired characteristic is one that has developed in the course of the life of an individual in the somatic or body cells, usually as a direct response to some external change in the environment or through the use or disuse of a part. His major contribution to the intellectual background of genetics was proposing a comprehensive theory of ______

What Lamarck got right was the concept of change as a function of heritable transmission and adaptation to the environment. What he got wrong was the mechanism of such change, his concept of the inheritance of acquired ______

Lyell authored one of the classic books of the day, the Principles of ______. One that greatly influenced the young Charles Darwin.

Lyell's concepts of the age of the planet being much longer than that implied by the bible and that things change gradually over time according to physical principles greatly influenced the development of ______

Codominance pertains to the genetic phenomenon in which gene products from the two alleles in a heterozygote are produced in roughly equal ____.

In parent-offspring or littermates (inbreeding), the risk of having abnormal offspring is increased because so much of their genetic material is the ____.

It took over 50 years for ______ to emerge as a unified field.

By days 3-5, calves with citrullinemia collapse and ____.

Citrullinemia in calves appear normal at birth but show signs of depression within just a few ____.

If a polypeptide acts as an enzyme or is part of an enzyme, a mutation in its gene sometimes results in a deficiency of that enzyme, with a consequent blockage in the biochemical ____ where that enzyme is required.

Calves with citrullinemia are deficient in argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), an enzyme involved in the ____ cycle.

Mendel began breeding common garden peas (Pisum sativum) in the mid 1850s, the same time that Darwin decided to write his ______.

In 1865, Mendel presented his work to the Brüun Natural History Society and published a paper (“Experiments in plant hybridization”) in the Society’s ______.

No single individual can be credited with the development of early cell biology and its contributions to ______.

Englishman Robert Hooke used the term “cell” to describe the compartments of cork and other plants because they reminded him of cellula, the small single-room dwellings of ______.

A major advance was the detection of chromosomes and the unraveling of cell ______.

Thomas Hunt Morgan’s lab from 1910 through 1914.Using fruit flies (Drosophila), Morgan and his collaborators proposed that genes were linearly arranged on the ______.

The genotype frequencies remain the same, namely p2, 2pq, and ______

P2 = dominant allele i.e when we both 'p' from parents, q2 = recessive allele i.e when we both 'q' from parents, 2pq = heterozygote i.e. when we say 'p' from one parent and 'q' from another parent. In the absence of other evolutionary forces (such as natural selection), genotype frequencies are expected to remain constant, and the population is said to be at Hardy–Weinberg ______

The Hardy–Weinberg principle relies on a number of assumptions: 1. random mating, 2. the absence of natural selection, 3. a very large population size, 4. no gene flow or migration, 5. no mutation, and 6. the locus is ______

When these assumptions are violated, departures from Hardy–Weinberg proportions can ______

To see what forces lead to evolutionary change, we must examine the circumstances in which the Hardy–Weinberg law may fail to apply. There are five: 1. Mutation, 2. Gene flow, 3. Genetic drift, 4. Nonrandom mating, 5. ______

When the Hardy-Weinberg law fails, it is important to understand the forces like mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, and ______