54 Questions
What is the infective stage of malaria parasites that infect humans?
Sporozoites
Where are sporozoites residing before being transmitted to humans?
Salivary glands of female Anopheles mosquitoes
What is the term for dormant sporozoites in the liver in P.vivax and P.ovale?
Hypnozoites
Which stage of Plasmodium occurs in human liver cells and erythrocytes?
Schizonts
When do hypnozoites in the liver become activated in P.vivax and P.ovale infections?
After weeks, months or even years
What is the exoerythrocytic phase of the malaria parasite?
Non-pathogenic and does not produce symptoms
Which parasite causes the majority of severe malaria cases and deaths?
Plasmodium falciparum
What is the main cause of relapsing malaria?
Plasmodium vivax
Which parasites are less prevalent and cause malaria in humans?
Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium knowlesi
Who is among the most at-risk of severe malaria?
Pregnant women in their second and third trimesters, children aged five and under
What typically causes severe malaria?
P.falciparum infection
What can result in severe malaria, though less frequently?
P.vivax and P.knowlesi infections
What is the term used to describe the division of schizont asexually to form daughter cells in protozoans?
Schizogony
How do sporozoites enter the bloodstream of humans?
Through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito
What is the term used to describe the process where sporozoites travel to hepatic cells through the bloodstream and undergo asexual replication cycle in the liver cells?
Exo-erythrocytic schizogony
What is the stage of development critical for the parasite to undergo morphological changes, grow in size, and remodel the host red blood cell?
Trophozoite (ring stage)
What is responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease in malaria?
Blood stage parasites
When do gametocytes mostly form during the asexual erythrocytic cycles?
Mostly during each of the asexual erythrocytic cycles
What are the five species of malaria parasites that cause significant disease in humans?
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium knowlesi
Who are among the most at-risk of severe malaria?
Pregnant women in their second and third trimesters, children aged five and under
Which species of malaria parasite is the main cause of relapsing malaria?
Plasmodium vivax
What typically causes severe malaria?
P.falciparum infection
What parasites can also result in severe malaria, though less frequently?
P.vivax and P.knowlesi
Who account for around 75% of malaria-related deaths annually?
Children aged five and under
What is the term used to describe the process where sporozoites travel to hepatic cells through the bloodstream and undergo asexual replication cycle in the liver cells?
Exo-erythrocytic schizogony
Which specific stage of development in the malaria parasite is crucial for morphological changes, growth, and remodeling of the host red blood cell?
Trophozoite (ring stage)
What is the term for the division of schizont asexually to form daughter cells in protozoans?
Schizogony
Which phase of the malaria parasite is responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease?
Blood stage
What stage of Plasmodium occurs in human liver cells and erythrocytes, leading to the release of infectious merozoites?
Erythrocytic schizogony
When do gametocytes primarily form during the asexual erythrocytic cycles?
Mostly during each cycle
Describe the three main stages of the life cycle of Plasmodium that infect humans.
Infection of a human with sporozoites, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction.
What is the term used to describe the dormant form of sporozoites in the liver of P.vivax and P.ovale?
Hypnozoite.
Explain the role of schizonts in Plasmodium falciparum infections.
Schizonts are rarely seen in peripheral blood, except in severe cases, and contain multiple merozoites.
What is the primary mode of transmission of Plasmodium sporozoites to humans?
Via mosquito bites during blood feeding.
What is the phase of the malaria parasite that is not pathogenic and does not produce symptoms of the disease?
Exoerythrocytic phase.
In which species of Plasmodium do sporozoites have the potential to remain dormant in the liver?
P.vivax and P.ovale.
What is the term for the stage where merozoites are released from liver cells and penetrate erythrocytes in the malaria life cycle?
Exo-erythrocytic schizogony
Describe the transformation of trophozoites into merozoites during the erythrocytic schizogony stage of Plasmodium.
Trophozoites enlarge inside erythrocytes and undergo asexual reproduction to form schizonts, which eventually release merozoites upon erythrocyte lysis.
What is the critical stage of development in the malaria parasite where morphological changes occur, and the host red blood cell is remodeled?
Ring stage trophozoites
Explain the significance of gametocytes in the life cycle of Plasmodium.
Gametocytes are the sexual erythrocytic stages of the parasite responsible for transmission between hosts.
What is the term for the phase of the malaria parasite that is primarily responsible for the clinical symptoms of the disease?
Blood stage parasites
Describe the process of schizont maturation and release of merozoites in the erythrocytic schizogony of Plasmodium.
Schizonts mature, rupture, and release merozoites that go on to infect more red blood cells.
Which species of malaria parasite causes the majority of severe malaria cases and deaths?
Plasmodium falciparum
What is the main cause of relapsing malaria?
Plasmodium vivax
Which parasite species, though less prevalent, can also result in severe malaria?
Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium knowlesi
Who are among the most at-risk groups for severe malaria?
Pregnant women in their second and third trimesters and children aged five and under
What is the term for the infective stage of malaria parasites that infect humans?
Sporozoites
What typically triggers the occurrence of severe malaria?
Inefficacious, delayed, or absent treatment of uncomplicated malaria
Describe the three main stages of the Plasmodium life cycle that infect humans.
Infection of a human with sporozoites, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction
What is the term for the division of schizont asexually to form daughter cells in protozoans?
Schizogony
When do hypnozoites in the liver become activated in P.vivax and P.ovale infections?
After a long time, leading to relapses after weeks, months, or even years
What is the exoerythrocytic phase of the malaria parasite?
The phase that is not pathogenic and does not produce symptoms of the disease
How do sporozoites enter the bloodstream of humans?
Transmitted to humans via mosquito bites during blood feeding
Where are sporozoites residing before being transmitted to humans?
In the salivary glands of female Anopheles mosquitoes
Learn about the causes and transmission of malaria, a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes. Discover more about the different species of Plasmodium parasites that infect humans and the impact of malaria on global health.
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