Malaria: Causes and Transmission
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Questions and Answers

What is the infective stage of malaria parasites that infect humans?

Sporozoites

Where are sporozoites residing before being transmitted to humans?

Salivary glands of female Anopheles mosquitoes

What is the term for dormant sporozoites in the liver in P.vivax and P.ovale?

Hypnozoites

Which stage of Plasmodium occurs in human liver cells and erythrocytes?

<p>Schizonts</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do hypnozoites in the liver become activated in P.vivax and P.ovale infections?

<p>After weeks, months or even years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the exoerythrocytic phase of the malaria parasite?

<p>Non-pathogenic and does not produce symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parasite causes the majority of severe malaria cases and deaths?

<p>Plasmodium falciparum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of relapsing malaria?

<p>Plasmodium vivax</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parasites are less prevalent and cause malaria in humans?

<p>Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium knowlesi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is among the most at-risk of severe malaria?

<p>Pregnant women in their second and third trimesters, children aged five and under</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes severe malaria?

<p>P.falciparum infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result in severe malaria, though less frequently?

<p>P.vivax and P.knowlesi infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the division of schizont asexually to form daughter cells in protozoans?

<p>Schizogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sporozoites enter the bloodstream of humans?

<p>Through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process where sporozoites travel to hepatic cells through the bloodstream and undergo asexual replication cycle in the liver cells?

<p>Exo-erythrocytic schizogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of development critical for the parasite to undergo morphological changes, grow in size, and remodel the host red blood cell?

<p>Trophozoite (ring stage)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease in malaria?

<p>Blood stage parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do gametocytes mostly form during the asexual erythrocytic cycles?

<p>Mostly during each of the asexual erythrocytic cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five species of malaria parasites that cause significant disease in humans?

<p>Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium knowlesi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are among the most at-risk of severe malaria?

<p>Pregnant women in their second and third trimesters, children aged five and under</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species of malaria parasite is the main cause of relapsing malaria?

<p>Plasmodium vivax</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes severe malaria?

<p>P.falciparum infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What parasites can also result in severe malaria, though less frequently?

<p>P.vivax and P.knowlesi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who account for around 75% of malaria-related deaths annually?

<p>Children aged five and under</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process where sporozoites travel to hepatic cells through the bloodstream and undergo asexual replication cycle in the liver cells?

<p>Exo-erythrocytic schizogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specific stage of development in the malaria parasite is crucial for morphological changes, growth, and remodeling of the host red blood cell?

<p>Trophozoite (ring stage)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the division of schizont asexually to form daughter cells in protozoans?

<p>Schizogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the malaria parasite is responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease?

<p>Blood stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage of Plasmodium occurs in human liver cells and erythrocytes, leading to the release of infectious merozoites?

<p>Erythrocytic schizogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do gametocytes primarily form during the asexual erythrocytic cycles?

<p>Mostly during each cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the three main stages of the life cycle of Plasmodium that infect humans.

<p>Infection of a human with sporozoites, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the dormant form of sporozoites in the liver of P.vivax and P.ovale?

<p>Hypnozoite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of schizonts in Plasmodium falciparum infections.

<p>Schizonts are rarely seen in peripheral blood, except in severe cases, and contain multiple merozoites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Plasmodium sporozoites to humans?

<p>Via mosquito bites during blood feeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase of the malaria parasite that is not pathogenic and does not produce symptoms of the disease?

<p>Exoerythrocytic phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which species of Plasmodium do sporozoites have the potential to remain dormant in the liver?

<p>P.vivax and P.ovale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage where merozoites are released from liver cells and penetrate erythrocytes in the malaria life cycle?

<p>Exo-erythrocytic schizogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the transformation of trophozoites into merozoites during the erythrocytic schizogony stage of Plasmodium.

<p>Trophozoites enlarge inside erythrocytes and undergo asexual reproduction to form schizonts, which eventually release merozoites upon erythrocyte lysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical stage of development in the malaria parasite where morphological changes occur, and the host red blood cell is remodeled?

<p>Ring stage trophozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of gametocytes in the life cycle of Plasmodium.

<p>Gametocytes are the sexual erythrocytic stages of the parasite responsible for transmission between hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phase of the malaria parasite that is primarily responsible for the clinical symptoms of the disease?

<p>Blood stage parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of schizont maturation and release of merozoites in the erythrocytic schizogony of Plasmodium.

<p>Schizonts mature, rupture, and release merozoites that go on to infect more red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species of malaria parasite causes the majority of severe malaria cases and deaths?

<p>Plasmodium falciparum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of relapsing malaria?

<p>Plasmodium vivax</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parasite species, though less prevalent, can also result in severe malaria?

<p>Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium knowlesi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are among the most at-risk groups for severe malaria?

<p>Pregnant women in their second and third trimesters and children aged five and under</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the infective stage of malaria parasites that infect humans?

<p>Sporozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically triggers the occurrence of severe malaria?

<p>Inefficacious, delayed, or absent treatment of uncomplicated malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the three main stages of the Plasmodium life cycle that infect humans.

<p>Infection of a human with sporozoites, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the division of schizont asexually to form daughter cells in protozoans?

<p>Schizogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do hypnozoites in the liver become activated in P.vivax and P.ovale infections?

<p>After a long time, leading to relapses after weeks, months, or even years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the exoerythrocytic phase of the malaria parasite?

<p>The phase that is not pathogenic and does not produce symptoms of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sporozoites enter the bloodstream of humans?

<p>Transmitted to humans via mosquito bites during blood feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are sporozoites residing before being transmitted to humans?

<p>In the salivary glands of female Anopheles mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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