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Questions and Answers
Which virus is associated with a case fatality rate of 15-30%?
Which virus is associated with a case fatality rate of 15-30%?
What is the primary host for the Dengue virus?
What is the primary host for the Dengue virus?
Which vector is commonly associated with the transmission of both Dengue and Zika viruses?
Which vector is commonly associated with the transmission of both Dengue and Zika viruses?
Where is Zika virus primarily distributed?
Where is Zika virus primarily distributed?
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What is the distribution range of the Yellow Fever virus?
What is the distribution range of the Yellow Fever virus?
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What is the primary pathogen responsible for malaria?
What is the primary pathogen responsible for malaria?
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Which mechanism describes how Plasmodium spp. invades red blood cells?
Which mechanism describes how Plasmodium spp. invades red blood cells?
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What are the common symptoms associated with malaria infection?
What are the common symptoms associated with malaria infection?
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How is malaria primarily transmitted to humans?
How is malaria primarily transmitted to humans?
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Which of the following confirms a diagnosis of malaria?
Which of the following confirms a diagnosis of malaria?
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What role does the liver play in the life cycle of Plasmodium spp.?
What role does the liver play in the life cycle of Plasmodium spp.?
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Which drug is commonly used for the treatment of malaria?
Which drug is commonly used for the treatment of malaria?
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What is a significant consequence of untreated malaria?
What is a significant consequence of untreated malaria?
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Which of the following virus families is NOT associated with viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF)?
Which of the following virus families is NOT associated with viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF)?
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What characterizes the typical presentation of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) at initial stages?
What characterizes the typical presentation of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) at initial stages?
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Which of the following symptoms can develop in severe cases of viral hemorrhagic fever?
Which of the following symptoms can develop in severe cases of viral hemorrhagic fever?
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In viral hemorrhagic fever, which lab finding is commonly observed at presentation?
In viral hemorrhagic fever, which lab finding is commonly observed at presentation?
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What is a requirement for a virus to be classified as an arbovirus?
What is a requirement for a virus to be classified as an arbovirus?
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What does the term 'viremia' refer to in the context of arboviruses?
What does the term 'viremia' refer to in the context of arboviruses?
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Which of the following is a common outcome of severe VHF?
Which of the following is a common outcome of severe VHF?
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Which of the following viruses is known to cause Ebola hemorrhagic fever?
Which of the following viruses is known to cause Ebola hemorrhagic fever?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course: COM 1802 Hematology and Oncology
- Topic: Infections of the Blood and Lymphatics
- Semester: Spring 2025
- Instructor: Krista Edmiston, PhD
Session Learning Outcomes
- Describe the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock and identify common pathogens involved.
- Describe the structure, classification, transmission (including common sources), and mechanism of pathogenesis of:
- Viral hemorrhagic fever (Yellow Fever Virus, Dengue Virus, Chikungunya Virus, Lassa virus, Ebola virus, and Marburg virus)
- Malaria and Babesiosis (Plasmodium spp. and Babesia spp.)
- African Trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei)
- Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis) (Wuchereria bancrofti)
- Identify the clinical presentation, identification, treatment (if available), prevention, and control of the diseases caused by the pathogens listed.
Bloodstream Infection Terminology
- Bloodstream infection (BSI) is a common presentation of infection.
- Bacteremia—detectable bacteria in the blood.
- Viremia—detectable viruses in the blood.
- Fungemia—detectable fungi in the blood.
- Parasitemia—detectable parasites in the blood.
- "-emias" can be acute (with symptoms), asymptomatic (without symptoms), or transient.
- Persistent "-emias" last for at least 3 days.
- BSIs (especially bacteremia) can lead to sepsis by triggering the host immune response.
- The inflammatory response includes vascular, cellular, and chemical responses designed to stop injury.
Sepsis and Septic Shock
- Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.
- Infections leading to sepsis can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
- Septic shock occurs during sepsis and is characterized by profound circulatory and/or metabolic abnormalities that lead to a substantial increase in mortality.
- Lipid A of LPS/LOS (endotoxin) from Gram-negative bacteria and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Gram-positive bacteria can trigger septic shock.
- Manifestations of sepsis depend on the source of infection, pathogen type, extent of organ dysfunction, the patient's drug use, comorbidities, and delay in treatment.
- Common presentations include fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, altered mental status, and significant edema or positive fluid balance.
Common Causative Agents of Sepsis
- There is no single standard for diagnosing sepsis.
- Diagnosis typically involves a clinical pattern, laboratory tests, radiology, and microbiology testing (including cultures and Gram stains).
- Causative organisms are identified in about two-thirds of patients, and positive blood cultures are found in about one-third.
- Common Gram-positive pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus spp.;
- Common Gram-negative pathogens include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Acinetobacter spp.
- Other concerns include the high rates of antibiotic resistance in certain microbes, including MRSA, VRSA, and ESBL-producing Gram-negatives.
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF)
- VHF is a febrile, acute systemic syndrome caused by numerous viruses belonging to four families.
- Most VHF viruses are zoonotic (except dengue).
- Incubation period is typically short (~1-2 weeks) and followed by rapid progression.
- Non-specific symptoms include fever, headache, myalgia, and gastrointestinal problems.
- Severe cases include severe hemodynamic instability, bleeding, shock, and multi-organ system failure.
- Mortality rates vary based on the specific virus.
Arboviruses
- Arboviruses are viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors.
- Viral families include Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, and Reoviridae.
- Viruses must be able to infect both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts and establish viremia in a vertebrate host for transmission.
- Virus must establish a persistent infection in the salivary glands of the insect vector.
Other Important Topics
- Dengue Fever—a widespread mosquito-borne viral disease causing mild to severe illness. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) can trigger a more severe illness if re-infected with a different serotype Viral hemorrhagic fever - detailed description of different types (Yellow Fever, Zika Virus, etc)
- Chikungunya Fever—an arboviral disease characterized by severe joint pain, fever, and potentially chronic symptoms.
- Lassa Fever—a hemorrhagic fever with a wide range of severity, from mild to deadly, transmitted by rodents.
- Ebola and Marburg Virus—extremely fatal hemorrhagic fever diseases transmitted person-to-person with animal reservoirs
- Malaria—parasite (protozoan) infection caused by Plasmodium spp spread by Anopheles mosquitos; classified by different species with varying severity and incubation periods
Protozoa Classification
- Detailed classification of medically important protozoa (Blood, Intestinal, Urological, Free-living, Microsporidia)
Blood Borne Parasites
- Medically important blood parasites includes Plasmodium spp., Babesia spp., Trypanosoma spp., Toxoplasma spp, Leishmania spp
Apicomplexa
- Apicomplexa is a diverse group of protists causing infections through various means of invasion
- Asexual, merogony, and gametogony reproduction; result in sporozoites
- Includes species like Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Plasmodium spp.
Plasmodium spp. (Malaria)
- Malaria is an infection caused by Plasmodium species affecting the blood
- Different species of Plasmodium cause malaria with various levels of severity, incubation periods, and relapse potential
- Important diagnostic and laboratory findings are part of the diagnosis
- Identification is typically done via blood smears
P. falciparum
- A severe form of malaria in which the parasite invades erythrocytes at any stage
- Important pathogenesis factors (cytoadherence, rosetting) lead to organ damage and microvascular obstruction
- Clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, and treatment of P. falciparum infection
P. vivax
- Benign tertian malaria; characterized by the cyclic lysis of RBCs and relapsing attacks due to hypnozoites
- Clinical presentation, including incubation period, diagnosis, and treatment of P. vivax infection are covered in detail.
P. ovale
- Commonly found in West Africa, similar pathogenesis to P. vivax; differs in schizont morphology, incubation time, and frequency of malaria relapses.
- P. ovale detailed pathogenic mechanisms and diagnostic information
P. malariae
- Infrequent, chronic form of malaria often characterized by periodic attacks, typically 72 hours apart and distinct cell morphology on blood smears
- Clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features of P. Malariae
Helminths Classification
- Comprehensive classification of medically important helminths.
Lymphatic Filariasis
- Caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, transmitted via mosquitos causing lymphatic blockage and swelling
- Extensive discussion of clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment
Additional Notes
- Detailed information about the different types of treatment, diagnostic tests, and life cycles of each parasite is covered in the notes. Specific details on the pathogens' mechanisms of pathogenesis, the host’s immune response, and clinical manifestations of specific infections are included in the summary.
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Description
Test your knowledge on malaria, dengue, Zika, and other viral infections with this comprehensive quiz. Explore topics including transmission mechanisms, symptoms, and treatment protocols. Perfect for students studying infectious diseases or public health.
