Major Depressive Episode Symptoms Quiz

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

• Also known as split or multiple personality disorder
• Presence of 2+ distinct identities (alters) that coexist simultaneously
• Aspects of person's identity dissociated from core identity
• DSM-5 criteria: 2+ distinct personality states, marked discontinuity in sense of self and agency, and alterations in affect, behavior, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition, and/or sensory motor functioning between identities
• Gaps in recall of everyday events, important personal information, and/or traumatic events

Characteristics of DID

• Alters: different identities, personalities (average of 15, but can be hundreds)
• Host identities: primary "handler" of daily life, may or may not be original identity, usually asks for treatment
• Switch: instantaneous transition from one personality to another

Anxiety Disorders

• Helpful anxiety: alerts us to real or potential danger, prepares us to take action, helps us escape danger, exists in moderate amounts
• Harmful anxiety: excessive levels relative to the "threat", interferes with daily functioning, causes distress or impairment
• Anxiety evolved from threat system, activated in response to danger (real or imaginary, external or internal)

DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders

• Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day
• Diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all activities
• Significant changes in appetite and/or weight, sleep patterns, psychomotor retardation or agitation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt, diminished ability to concentrate or making decisions, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Depressive Disorders

• Dysthymic Disorder: depressed mood most of the day, more days than not, for at least 2 years
• Presence of 2+ symptoms: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, feelings of hopelessness

Bipolar Mood Disorder

• Manic Episode: distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood, and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy
• Symptoms of Manic Episode: inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking, racing thoughts, distractibility, increase in goal-directed activity, substance use

Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa: self-imposed dietary restriction resulting in low body weight, intense fear of weight gain or becoming fat, disturbed perception of body or undue influence of body on self-evaluation, or denial of seriousness of weight loss
• Subtypes: Binge (AN-BP), Restrictive (AN-R)
• Dieting Research: dieting tends to have a counter-effect on the dieter, increasing risk of developing an ED

Biological Factors in Eating Disorders

• Genes: strong genetic factor, twin studies in AN and BN
• Serotonin levels: low levels found in people with EDs, linked to dieting

Treatments for Eating Disorders

• Help-seeking: functions being served by the ED may deter help-seeking, denial and shame common deterrents, barriers related to access, expenses
• CBT Formulation: eating disorders like phobias or OCD problems, exposure necessary, mindfulness, goals: eliminate or reduce symptoms, approach: reinstate "regular" eating