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Questions and Answers
What is a major characteristic of major depressive disorder?
What is a major characteristic of major depressive disorder?
Women are less likely than men to report a depressive disorder.
Women are less likely than men to report a depressive disorder.
False
What is the minimum duration for a major depressive episode (MDE)?
What is the minimum duration for a major depressive episode (MDE)?
2 weeks
Major depressive disorder can involve feelings of __________ or worthlessness.
Major depressive disorder can involve feelings of __________ or worthlessness.
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Match the following risk factors with their descriptions:
Match the following risk factors with their descriptions:
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with major depressive disorder?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with major depressive disorder?
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Memory loss is primarily the only cognitive symptom of major depressive episodes.
Memory loss is primarily the only cognitive symptom of major depressive episodes.
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What is a common symptom of a manic episode?
What is a common symptom of a manic episode?
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What is the increased risk of monozygotic twins developing major depressive disorder if one twin is affected?
What is the increased risk of monozygotic twins developing major depressive disorder if one twin is affected?
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Individuals experiencing a manic episode are usually aware of their condition.
Individuals experiencing a manic episode are usually aware of their condition.
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What three spheres of functioning are affected by depression?
What three spheres of functioning are affected by depression?
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Dizygotic twins share all of their genetic material.
Dizygotic twins share all of their genetic material.
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What might excessive planning during a manic episode lead to?
What might excessive planning during a manic episode lead to?
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During a manic episode, an individual may engage in ______ that can lead to adverse outcomes.
During a manic episode, an individual may engage in ______ that can lead to adverse outcomes.
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What is a hallmark of a manic episode?
What is a hallmark of a manic episode?
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What term describes the negative cognitive patterns proposed by Aaron Beck that are seen in people with depression?
What term describes the negative cognitive patterns proposed by Aaron Beck that are seen in people with depression?
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The attentional bias seen in depressed individuals often leads them to focus on __________ and __________ emotions.
The attentional bias seen in depressed individuals often leads them to focus on __________ and __________ emotions.
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Which of the following is NOT typically a symptom of a mixed episode?
Which of the following is NOT typically a symptom of a mixed episode?
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Bipolar disorders were previously known as manic-depression.
Bipolar disorders were previously known as manic-depression.
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Which of the following is NOT part of Beck's negative triad of depression?
Which of the following is NOT part of Beck's negative triad of depression?
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Name one type of bipolar disorder.
Name one type of bipolar disorder.
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Match the following symptoms to their respective episode types.
Match the following symptoms to their respective episode types.
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List two symptoms associated with a mixed episode.
List two symptoms associated with a mixed episode.
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Match the type of twin with the amount of shared genetic material:
Match the type of twin with the amount of shared genetic material:
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A person with depression in some cultures may describe their symptoms as _____ or headaches.
A person with depression in some cultures may describe their symptoms as _____ or headaches.
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Excessive sleep is a characteristic of a manic episode.
Excessive sleep is a characteristic of a manic episode.
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Match the types of mood episodes to their descriptions:
Match the types of mood episodes to their descriptions:
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Individuals without psychological disorders look equally at faces expressing different emotions.
Individuals without psychological disorders look equally at faces expressing different emotions.
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Which episode is most commonly associated with Bipolar I disorder?
Which episode is most commonly associated with Bipolar I disorder?
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What might a man think of himself if he does not receive the big raise he hoped for, according to cognitive distortions?
What might a man think of himself if he does not receive the big raise he hoped for, according to cognitive distortions?
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Individuals with bipolar disorder experience only manic episodes.
Individuals with bipolar disorder experience only manic episodes.
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What is the term used to describe an individual's unusually euphoric mood during a manic episode?
What is the term used to describe an individual's unusually euphoric mood during a manic episode?
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What is required for a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder?
What is required for a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder?
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Individuals diagnosed with bipolar II disorder must experience at least one manic episode.
Individuals diagnosed with bipolar II disorder must experience at least one manic episode.
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What term describes having four or more mood episodes within one year?
What term describes having four or more mood episodes within one year?
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Bipolar disorder is more common in males than ______.
Bipolar disorder is more common in males than ______.
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Match the type of bipolar disorder with its characteristics:
Match the type of bipolar disorder with its characteristics:
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Which of the following statements about mixed episodes is true?
Which of the following statements about mixed episodes is true?
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Rapid cycling is associated with better treatment outcomes in bipolar disorders.
Rapid cycling is associated with better treatment outcomes in bipolar disorders.
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What can trigger or intensify a manic, mixed, or hypomanic episode?
What can trigger or intensify a manic, mixed, or hypomanic episode?
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Which personality disorder is more likely to be manifested in women according to the evidence provided?
Which personality disorder is more likely to be manifested in women according to the evidence provided?
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Extreme versions of extraversion and neuroticism are characteristic of both antisocial and histrionic personality disorders.
Extreme versions of extraversion and neuroticism are characteristic of both antisocial and histrionic personality disorders.
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What is a core dysfunctional belief associated with histrionic personality disorder?
What is a core dysfunctional belief associated with histrionic personality disorder?
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Patients with histrionic personality disorder are particularly sensitive to __________ evaluation.
Patients with histrionic personality disorder are particularly sensitive to __________ evaluation.
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Match the following traits with their characteristics:
Match the following traits with their characteristics:
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Which of the following traits is NOT typically associated with patients having histrionic personality disorder?
Which of the following traits is NOT typically associated with patients having histrionic personality disorder?
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Social factors such as childrearing practices are thought to be influential in the development of histrionic personality disorder.
Social factors such as childrearing practices are thought to be influential in the development of histrionic personality disorder.
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What do cognitive theorists emphasize as important in histrionic personality disorder?
What do cognitive theorists emphasize as important in histrionic personality disorder?
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Study Notes
Psychological Disorders and Treatments
- Abnormal psychology is the subfield of psychology that studies the causes and progression of psychological disorders, also known as psychopathology.
- To diagnose a psychological disorder, a pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behaviours must cause significant distress, impairment in daily life, and/or risk of harm, unusual for the particular context and culture.
- The "four Ds" are common features of psychological disorders: deviance (different, extreme, unusual, or bizarre), distress (unpleasant or upsetting to the person and others), dysfunction (interfering with daily activities), and danger (to oneself or others).
- Current diagnoses use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), a standardized classification system that guides clinicians in treating patients, offering shorthand descriptions to group abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
- Psychological disorders can be viewed through multiple complementary lenses: biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors.
- The biological model emphasizes the role of the nervous system and genetic factors in mental disorders.
- The psychological model focuses on psychological processes and cognitive factors in the development of mental disorders. The diathesis-stress model proposes that disorders develop when a pre-existing vulnerability (diathesis) interacts with a stressful situation.
- The socio-cultural model emphasizes socioeconomic status, poverty, bullying, childhood sexual abuse, and environmental factors as having roles in mental disorders.
- The DSM-5 is used for diagnosing and classifying psychological disorders, offering diagnostic criteria, including major depressive episodes (MDEs), manic episodes, and mixed episodes, which help identify specific disorders within these broad categories.
- Anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are associated with uncontrollable worry about a variety of events, often accompanied by physical symptoms; phobias involve intense fear reactions to specific objects or situations.
- Specific phobias, social phobias, and agoraphobia are different types of anxiety disorders.
- OCD is marked by obsessions (repetitive unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors). This may include preoccupations with contamination, order, or doubts about actions.
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by pervasive difficulties in social interaction and communication, as well as restrictive and repetitive behaviour patterns. This may involve impaired social interaction, communication (verbal/nonverbal), and restricted and repetitive behaviours or interests.
- Antisocial personality disorder involves a consistent disregard for the rights of others, including deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressive behavior, and lack of remorse.
- Histrionic personality disorder features extreme emotionality, attention-seeking behaviors, and inappropriate seductiveness.
- Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by social inhibition and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation and avoids interpersonal contact.
- Dependent personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behaviors.
- Passive-aggressive personality disorder is marked by passive resistance to demands.
- Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder with positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech), and negative symptoms (flat affect, alogia, avolition). Subtypes include paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual.
- Depressive disorders involve prolonged sadness, loss of interest, and changes in appetite and sleep. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one form of depressive disorder. Bipolar disorders include periods of both extreme elation (mania) and extreme sadness (depression).
- Psychological disorders have several causes, including genetic and environmental factors. It is not uncommon for multiple factors to contribute to a mental health disorder.
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Description
This quiz explores the key characteristics and symptoms associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). You will learn about the duration of episodes, risk factors, and differences in symptoms between MDD and manic episodes. Test your understanding of how depression affects functioning and the role of genetics in this mental health condition.
