महात्मा गांधी और नागरिक अविधि का दर्शन

Mahatma Gandhi's Philosophy of Civil Disobedience

Mahatma Gandhi, one of history's most influential figures, is widely known for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance, which he referred to as Satyagraha ("truth force"). This approach was central to India's struggle for independence from British rule, and it has since inspired numerous movements around the world. Central to this philosophy is the concept of civil disobedience, a tactic used by individuals who, because they refuse to cooperate with an unjust law, bring about a change through their mass noncooperation.

What Is Civil Disobedience?

Civil disobedience is a form of active, principled resistance to laws that a person believes to be immoral or unjust. It involves breaking or ignoring certain laws, not to harm others, but rather to demonstrate the moral superiority of the law being broken. When enough people adopt this practice, it can lead to changes in public policies.

Gandhi's version of civil disobedience was rooted in his belief that all human beings have a right to self-governance, and that those in power must govern out of love and respect for the governed. He saw civilization as having advanced too far when violent means were employed by the strong against the weak; thus, he advocated for a method of resistance that would ensure the rights and dignity even of the oppressor while challenging the abuses of power.

How Did Gandhi Practice Civil Disobedience?

Gandhi's famous campaigns involved mass acts of nonviolence, including marches, strikes, fasting, and other forms of protest. For example, during the Salt March, thousands of Indians walked hundreds of miles to defy the 1930 tax on salt imposed by the British government. Their intentional violation of the law led to widespread arrests and fuelled a broader anti-colonial movement. Similarly, during his 1947 march in Noakhali, Gandhi helped stop rampant killings between Hindus and Muslims by bringing both sides together to pledge peace.

Why Was Civil Disobedience Effective?

One reason why civil disobedience proved so effective under Gandhi was its ability to generate international attention and support. The British authorities often found themselves unable to suppress the crowds without being seen to employ excessive force. Moreover, Gandhi's methods appealed to many Britons who were uncomfortable with colonialism and violence, adding pressure on their own government.

In addition, civil disobedience allowed ordinary people, regardless of their social standing, to engage in political action. By participating in marches or strikes, they could express their views and feelings directly, without needing to go through intermediaries such as politicians or party leaders. This empowerment of individuals played a crucial role in building popular support for India's independence campaign.

Legacy of Civil Disobedience

The impact of Gandhi's philosophy of civil disobedience extends beyond Indian history. His ideas continue to influence activists worldwide, particularly those fighting for human rights and democracy. In recent years, movements like Occupy Wall Street and Black Lives Matter have drawn upon aspects of his strategy, demonstrating the enduring relevance of his teachings.