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Questions and Answers
Why might physicians not invariably prescribe antimicrobials with the broadest zone of inhibition?
Why might physicians not invariably prescribe antimicrobials with the broadest zone of inhibition?
- To prevent the development of 'superbugs' resistant to multiple antibiotics.
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics are invariably more expensive.
- To minimize disruption of the patient's normal microbiota. (correct)
- Because narrow-spectrum antibiotics are more effective against viral infections.
A researcher is evaluating a new antibiotic. They perform a series of MIC and MBC tests. If the MIC is smaller than the MBC, which statement is most accurate?
A researcher is evaluating a new antibiotic. They perform a series of MIC and MBC tests. If the MIC is smaller than the MBC, which statement is most accurate?
- The antibiotic is more effective at preventing bacterial growth than at killing the bacteria. (correct)
- The antibiotic is more effective at killing bacteria than preventing bacterial growth.
- The antibiotic will only be effective against Gram-positive bacteria.
- The antibiotic is bacteriostatic at the tested concentrations.
A bacterium exhibits resistance to a beta-lactam antibiotic through enzymatic degradation. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely responsible for this resistance?
A bacterium exhibits resistance to a beta-lactam antibiotic through enzymatic degradation. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely responsible for this resistance?
- The bacterium produces an enzyme that alters the antibiotic's target site preventing binding.
- The bacterium produces beta-lactamase, hydrolyzing the beta-lactam ring. (correct)
- The bacterium actively pumps the antibiotic out of the cell before it can bind to its target.
- The bacterium has altered its cell wall structure to prevent antibiotic entry.
Which mechanism of action is LEAST likely to be associated with selective toxicity (harming microbes but not the host)?
Which mechanism of action is LEAST likely to be associated with selective toxicity (harming microbes but not the host)?
Why is understanding the mechanisms of antimicrobial action important for preventing the development of drug resistance?
Why is understanding the mechanisms of antimicrobial action important for preventing the development of drug resistance?
A patient is prescribed an antimicrobial drug that inhibits protein synthesis. Which cellular component is most likely targeted by this drug?
A patient is prescribed an antimicrobial drug that inhibits protein synthesis. Which cellular component is most likely targeted by this drug?
How do bacteria in biofilms resist antimicrobials?
How do bacteria in biofilms resist antimicrobials?
Why are fungal infections often more difficult to treat than bacterial infections?
Why are fungal infections often more difficult to treat than bacterial infections?
Why is it important to avoid prescribing antimicrobials prophylactically (i.e., in the absence of infection) when they aren't needed?
Why is it important to avoid prescribing antimicrobials prophylactically (i.e., in the absence of infection) when they aren't needed?
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors are used to treat which type of infection?
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors are used to treat which type of infection?
Flashcards
Broad-spectrum agents
Broad-spectrum agents
Agents that are selectively toxic against a wide range of pathogens
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
The lowest concentration of a drug that inhibits microbial growth
Adverse Effects of Antimicrobials
Adverse Effects of Antimicrobials
Toxic effects on the kidneys, liver, or nerves due to antimicrobial drugs.
Bacitracin
Bacitracin
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Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes
Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes
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Mupirocin
Mupirocin
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Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis
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Antagonism of drug
Antagonism of drug
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Study Notes
Magnetic Field Created by an Electric Current
Biot–Savart Law
- Defines the magnetic field $d\overrightarrow{B}$ created by a current element $Id\overrightarrow{s}$ at a point P at distance r.
- $d\overrightarrow{B} = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \frac{Id\overrightarrow{s} \times \hat{r}}{r^2}$
- $\mu_0 = 4\pi \times 10^{-7} Tm/A$ represents the permeability of free space.
- The total magnetic field is the integral of the expression for $d\overrightarrow{B}$: $\overrightarrow{B} = \int d\overrightarrow{B}$.
- $d\overrightarrow{B}$'s direction is perpendicular to both $d\overrightarrow{s}$ and $\hat{r}$.
- The magnitude of $d\overrightarrow{B}$ is inversely proportional to $r^2$ (r = distance from current element to point P).
- The magnitude of $d\overrightarrow{B}$ is proportional to the current I and the length of the element $d\overrightarrow{s}$.
- The magnitude of $d\overrightarrow{B}$ is proportional to $sen\theta$ ($\theta$ is the angle between $d\overrightarrow{s}$ and $\hat{r}$).
- The magnetic field dB is zero at points along the wire's extension ($\theta = 0$).
Ampère's Law
- The line integral of $\overrightarrow{B} \cdot d\overrightarrow{s}$ around any closed path equals $\mu_0 I$.
- I is the total current through any surface bounded by the closed path: $\oint \overrightarrow{B} \cdot d\overrightarrow{s} = \mu_0 I$.
Strategy to Solve Problems
- Ampère's law is suited for calculating magnetic fields from current distributions with high symmetry.
- Select a closed path where the magnetic field is constant where $\overrightarrow{B} \neq 0$.
- Where the magnetic field is tangent to the path, $\overrightarrow{B} \cdot d\overrightarrow{s}$ simplifies to $Bds$.
- Where the magnetic field is perpendicular to the path, $\overrightarrow{B} \cdot d\overrightarrow{s} = 0$.
- Where the magnetic field is zero, the integral of $\overrightarrow{B} \cdot d\overrightarrow{s}$ over that portion of the path is also zero.
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