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Questions and Answers
A factor giving an error on a direct indicating compass would be:
A factor giving an error on a direct indicating compass would be:
- Turning through east/west headings (correct)
- Acceleration on east/west headings (correct)
- Parallax due to oscillations of the compass rose (correct)
- Crosswinds - particularly on east/west headings (correct)
A pilot wishes to turn right on a southerly heading with 20° bank at a latitude of 20° North. In order to achieve this he must stop the turn on an approximate heading of:
A pilot wishes to turn right on a southerly heading with 20° bank at a latitude of 20° North. In order to achieve this he must stop the turn on an approximate heading of:
- 170° (correct)
- 200°
- 180°
- 150°
A pilot wishes to turn left on a southerly heading with 20° bank at a latitude of 20° North. In order to achieve this he must stop the turn on an approximate heading of:
A pilot wishes to turn left on a southerly heading with 20° bank at a latitude of 20° North. In order to achieve this he must stop the turn on an approximate heading of:
- 200°
- 170° (correct)
- 160°
- 190°
A pilot wishes to turn right through 90° on to North at a rate of 2 at a latitude of 40° North using a direct reading compass. In order to achieve this the turn should be stopped on an indicated heading of approximately:
A pilot wishes to turn right through 90° on to North at a rate of 2 at a latitude of 40° North using a direct reading compass. In order to achieve this the turn should be stopped on an indicated heading of approximately:
A remote indicating compass has usually less deviation error than a panel mounted compass because:
A remote indicating compass has usually less deviation error than a panel mounted compass because:
About a magnetic compass:
About a magnetic compass:
An aircraft is fitted with a direct reading magnetic compass. Upon landing in a northerly direction the compass will indicate:
An aircraft is fitted with a direct reading magnetic compass. Upon landing in a northerly direction the compass will indicate:
An aircraft takes off on a runway with an alignment of 045°, the compass is made for the northern hemisphere. During rolling take-off, the compass indicates:
An aircraft takes off on a runway with an alignment of 045°, the compass is made for the northern hemisphere. During rolling take-off, the compass indicates:
Concerning magnetic compasses, deviation is:
Concerning magnetic compasses, deviation is:
During deceleration following a landing in a northerly direction, a magnetic compass made for the southern hemisphere indicates:
During deceleration following a landing in a northerly direction, a magnetic compass made for the southern hemisphere indicates:
Variation is defined as the angle between:
Variation is defined as the angle between:
When accelerating on a westerly heading in the Northern Hemisphere the needle of the Direct Indicating Compass will:
When accelerating on a westerly heading in the Northern Hemisphere the needle of the Direct Indicating Compass will:
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Study Notes
Magnetic Compass Errors
- A direct indicating compass can have errors due to factors such as parallax, turning biases on east/west headings, acceleration effects during turns, and crosswinds.
- Errors in acceleration are linked to changes in aircraft speed and can cause significant deviations in compass readings.
Compass Turning Errors
- When attempting a left turn to a southerly heading at 20° latitude, stop the turn at approximately 170° to accurately follow the desired course.
- For a right turn to a southerly heading, stop at around 180° to maintain proper heading.
- A right turn through 90° to North at 40° latitude will require stopping at around 030°.
Remote Indicating Compass Advantages
- Remote indicating compasses experience less deviation error due to minimal magnetic interference from the aircraft's body and a well-damped floating magnet design.
Magnetic Compass Behavior
- Upon landing northward, a magnetic compass indicates a turn towards the East.
- Landing southward in the northern hemisphere may cause the compass to oscillate around 180°.
- Compasses behave differently based on taking off or landing in various directions, influenced by the aircraft's speed and the Earth's magnetic field.
Compass Deviation and Variation
- Deviation refers to the angular difference between magnetic North and compass North, with adjustments necessary for accurate navigation.
- Variation represents the difference between true North and magnetic North, essential for correcting compass readings.
Compass Calibration
- Magnetic compass swinging is performed to minimize deviation and improve accuracy.
- The detector unit in remote compasses remains free in a horizontal plane to enhance sensitivity.
Effects of Geographic Position
- Near the magnetic poles, compass reliability diminishes due to extreme magnetic influences.
- Acceleration and deceleration during turns affect compass readings differently based on geographic location (northern vs. southern hemisphere).
Heading Transformation
- The compass heading can be adjusted based on magnetic variances using deviation correction cards or maps indicating isogonic lines.
- True heading transforms into magnetic heading referencing a deviation card.
Interactive Errors
- During acceleration, a direct reading magnetic compass may incorrectly suggest a turn, particularly on easterly or westerly headings.
- The compass is most accurate at mid-latitudes and shows the greatest error at the magnetic equator.
Miscellaneous Compass Information
- The purpose of flux-valve is to sense the direction of Earth’s magnetic field relative to aircraft orientation.
- The characteristics of a functional direct-reading magnetic compass should include being sensitive, horizontal, and aperiodic for reliable performance.
Compass Operational Indicators
- A red flag labeled 'HDG' in the HSI indicates a discrepancy detected between the actual aircraft heading and the pre-selected heading, often due to flux valve errors.
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