L7 Macronutrients: Protein and Structure

<p>Structural and functional proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of complete proteins from animal sources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It determines the properties of the amino acid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids not synthesized in sufficient quantities by the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The folding of helices and pleated sheets into a compact domain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methionine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From plants and animals that consume plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptide bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential Amino Acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histidine and Arginine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is converted into ammonia and excreted as urea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be synthesized by the body as needed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cysteine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deamination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be fully synthesized in adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To support tissue protein turnover (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cysteine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alanine, Aspartic acid, Asparagine, Serine, Proline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soy products and animal protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deficient in one or more indispensable amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance the amino acid profile of a meal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>56 grams (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10% - 35% of total calories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The efficiency of tissue maintenance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6.25 g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Body breaks down more tissue than it builds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>99% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breaking down into amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The production of the required protein will not be met (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative nitrogen balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acting as enzymes and hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are large molecules made up of amino acids.

The building blocks of proteins. There are about 20 common ones.

Proteins contain nitrogen; carbohydrates do not. Protein structures vary; carbohydrates are similar.

Proteins are essential for bodily functions such as growth and repair.

The process of breaking down proteins into amino acids for absorption.

Maintaining the right amount of protein in the body.

The amount of protein needed daily for health.

The linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

The folding of the amino acid chain into helices or pleated sheets.

The three-dimensional folding of the protein that forms a compact domain.

The structure formed when multiple polypeptide chains combine.

An amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain (R group).

The chemical bond that links amino acids together in a protein.

Amino acids the body cannot produce on its own and must obtain from food.

Another term for essential amino acids—the body can't create them.

Essential, nonessential, and conditionally essential, based on the body's ability to produce them.

Amino acids that are essential for growing children but may not be as critical for adults.

Amino acids that are usually made by your body, but sometimes need to be consumed due to specific conditions.

The nitrogen is removed from amino acids, converted into ammonia, and excreted as urea in urine. The remaining non-nitrogen portion can be used to create carbohydrates, fats, or potentially used to build another amino acid.

The continuous breakdown and rebuilding of proteins in the body.

A state where the amount of nitrogen consumed equals the amount of nitrogen excreted.

Catabolism is the breakdown of molecules, Anabolism is the building up of molecules.

Dispensable amino acids are involved in tissue building and metabolic functions in the body.

The process of removing nitrogen from amino acids.

A protein source containing all nine essential amino acids, often found in animal products like meat, eggs, and dairy.

A protein source lacking one or more essential amino acids, commonly found in plant-based foods like grains and legumes.

Combining different incomplete protein sources in a meal to create a complete protein profile with all essential amino acids.

Plants can provide complete protein if eaten in combination, such as rice and beans, hummus and pita bread, or bean chili served with rice.

The recommended daily intake of protein for adults is 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight.

The continuous process of breaking down and rebuilding tissues to maintain protein balance in the body. This includes reshaping tissues to adapt to changing needs.

When the body holds on to more nitrogen than it excretes, meaning it's building more protein than it's breaking down.

Positive nitrogen balance is crucial during periods of rapid growth, such as infancy, childhood, adolescence, pregnancy, and lactation, as well as for individuals recovering from malnutrition or illness.

When the body holds on to less nitrogen than it excretes, meaning it's breaking down more protein than it's building up.

Negative nitrogen balance occurs when the body doesn't get enough protein or when illness or malnutrition causes the body to break down tissues faster than it rebuilds them.

Proteins are broken down in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin, which converts long protein chains into shorter peptides.

In the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase) further digest peptides into smaller units.

The final breakdown of peptides into individual amino acids is completed by enzymes on the lining of the small intestine. These amino acids are then absorbed into the bloodstream.

Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, are absorbed into the bloodstream through active transport. Active transport means energy is needed to move them against the concentration gradient.