Cell metabolism

Which process breaks down large sugar molecules into smaller sugar molecules?

What are the smaller molecules produced by hydrolysis absorbed through?

Which stage of catabolism occurs intracellularly and does not use oxygen?

What molecule is produced in the last step of catabolism and is used in aerobic respiration?

What is the opposite of hydrolysis?

What are enzymes?

Which enzyme breaks down proteins?

Lipid metabolism

What are the three stages of catabolic metabolism?

Where does hydrolysis occur in the cell?

Which process of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of cells?

What is the role of enzymes in cell metabolism?

Which type of metabolism involves assembling new molecules and building large molecules using stored energy?

Protein catabolism

Which molecule is made up of chains of nucleotides?

During which phase of mitosis does DNA replication occur?

What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

What is the genetic code made up of in DNA?

What are the subunits of DNA molecules called?

Where can protein catabolism occur?

What is the process that breaks down large molecules by adding water?

Where does protein anabolism/synthesis begin?

Protein synthesis

Which metabolic pathway involves the breakdown of glycogen, glycerol, or propionate?

Primary controller of lipid metabolism

Which stage of cellular respiration produces the majority of ATP for the cell?

What is the primary responsibility of the liver in lipid metabolism?

Why do lipids contain more cellular energy than carbs or protein

What is the process by which proteins are broken down into amino acids?

Catabolism

Anabolism

Molecular reactions are initiated and controlled by formation and use of specialized proteins called

The process by which glucose is initially converted to G6P via phosphorylation then broken down further into pyruvate occurs in

1st stage of catabolism

Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones (produces energy) from carbohydrates (CHO), fats, and proteins

[HYDROLYSIS] _______ -> __________ + ______ = +

[Hydrolysis] Protein -> ____

Nucleic acids -> _________

[Hydrolysis] Fat -> _____

One water molecule is used each time a nutrient molecule is broken down

Large sugar molecule can be broken down (______) into smaller sugar molecules

The smaller molecules produced by hydrolysis are absorbed through special absorptive cells called enterocytes that line the _________ and transported to other parts of the body via ________

Amino acids, glucose, glycerol and fatty acids enter the cell and are further ___________ in the __________

[Anaerobic respiration] Produces _________ -> converted to _______ -> transported to the ________ where it is used in the last step of catabolism

________ enters the __________ to be used in aerobic respiration

Cell uses energy in the form of ATP to manufacture substances and perform many vital functions

Simple sugars assembled to form chains of polysaccharides

Glycerol and fat are connected to form fat molecules

Chains of amino acids are assembled to form proteins

Compartments created within or on the surface of organelles (mitochondria, ER, ribosomes) ___________________

Energy is needed to initiate chemical reactions

Substances that speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation

Needed to complete the shape of a binding site or to stabilize the enzyme-substrate complex

Non-protein organic substances can act as ______ but are called _________

Complex series of biochemical steps that must occur in a particular sequence, each step involves an enzyme specific for that particular step

Anaerobic respiration

Requires use of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NAD molecules for every molecule of glucose that is metabolized

Used to provide the energy to fuel metabolic functions such as absorption, secretion, excretion, mechanical work, growth and repair

Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Can remove lipids from the blood and alter their structures

Microtubules, hair, collagen

Insulin, other hormones

Actin and myosin

Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Essential amino acid for the feline

Occurs in most tissues but is especially important in intestine, kidney liver, brain and skeletal muscle

Protein synthesis begins in the nucleus, intructions within the DNA are transferred to mRNA () using RNA polymerase and carried to cytoplasm where aa are assembled into proteins () on ribosomes (which are composed of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) with help of transfer RNA (tRNA))

Amine group removed and becomes ammonia in liver -> converted to urea -> excreted in urine

Proteins from food are hydrolized into aa by enzymes, proteases and peptidases, in the GI tract ->liver via hepatic portal system; liver controls subsequent release and use of aa in nonhepatic tissues