Cell metabolism
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Questions and Answers

Which process breaks down large sugar molecules into smaller sugar molecules?

  • Anaerobic respiration
  • Dehydration synthesis
  • Hydrolysis (correct)
  • Aerobic respiration

    • What are the smaller molecules produced by hydrolysis absorbed through?

  • Special absorptive cells
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Enterocytes
  • Both A and C (correct)

    • Which stage of catabolism occurs intracellularly and does not use oxygen?

  • Dehydration synthesis
  • Hydrolysis
  • Aerobic respiration
  • Anaerobic respiration (correct)

    • What molecule is produced in the last step of catabolism and is used in aerobic respiration?

    <p>Acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of hydrolysis?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are enzymes?

    <p>Catalysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme breaks down proteins?

    <p>Proteinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipid metabolism

    <p>Lipolysis and betaoxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three stages of catabolic metabolism?

    <p>Hydrolysis, anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hydrolysis occur in the cell?

    <p>Lumen of GI tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of cells?

    <p>Anaerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of enzymes in cell metabolism?

    <p>To facilitate metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metabolism involves assembling new molecules and building large molecules using stored energy?

    <p>Anabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein catabolism

    <p>Deamination and transamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is made up of chains of nucleotides?

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis does DNA replication occur?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

    <p>It forms new DNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic code made up of in DNA?

    <p>Sequence of Nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the subunits of DNA molecules called?

    <p>Genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can protein catabolism occur?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that breaks down large molecules by adding water?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does protein anabolism/synthesis begin?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein synthesis

    <p>Transcription and translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic pathway involves the breakdown of glycogen, glycerol, or propionate?

    <p>Carbohydrate metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary controller of lipid metabolism

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cellular respiration produces the majority of ATP for the cell?

    <p>The Electron Transport System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the liver in lipid metabolism?

    <p>Lipolysis and beta-oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do lipids contain more cellular energy than carbs or protein

    <p>Higher # of C-H bonds, and energy is stored in bonds between the atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which proteins are broken down into amino acids?

    <p>Deamination and transamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Catabolism

    <p>Breakdown of nutrients and produce energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anabolism

    <p>Assemble new molecules and use stored energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecular reactions are initiated and controlled by formation and use of specialized proteins called

    <p>Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which glucose is initially converted to G6P via phosphorylation then broken down further into pyruvate occurs in

    <p>The cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    1st stage of catabolism

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones (produces energy) from carbohydrates (CHO), fats, and proteins

    <p>Catabolic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    [HYDROLYSIS] _______ -> __________ + ______ = +

    <p>Polysaccharide -&gt; Disaccharide + Water = 1 Monosaccharide + 1 Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    [Hydrolysis] Protein -> ____

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleic acids -> _________

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    [Hydrolysis] Fat -> _____

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One water molecule is used each time a nutrient molecule is broken down

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Large sugar molecule can be broken down (______) into smaller sugar molecules

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The smaller molecules produced by hydrolysis are absorbed through special absorptive cells called enterocytes that line the _________ and transported to other parts of the body via ________

    <p>Small intestines, circulatory and lymphatic systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amino acids, glucose, glycerol and fatty acids enter the cell and are further ___________ in the __________

    <p>Catabolized, cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    [Anaerobic respiration] Produces _________ -> converted to _______ -> transported to the ________ where it is used in the last step of catabolism

    <p>Pyruvate -&gt; acetyl-CoA-&gt; mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ enters the __________ to be used in aerobic respiration

    <p>Acetyl-CoA, Kreb's cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell uses energy in the form of ATP to manufacture substances and perform many vital functions

    <p>Anabolic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Simple sugars assembled to form chains of polysaccharides

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycerol and fat are connected to form fat molecules

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chains of amino acids are assembled to form proteins

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compartments created within or on the surface of organelles (mitochondria, ER, ribosomes) ___________________

    <p>Isolate and allow chemical reactions between molecules to take place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energy is needed to initiate chemical reactions

    <p>Energy of activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substances that speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Needed to complete the shape of a binding site or to stabilize the enzyme-substrate complex

    <p>Cofactors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-protein organic substances can act as ______ but are called _________

    <p>Cofactors, coenzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complex series of biochemical steps that must occur in a particular sequence, each step involves an enzyme specific for that particular step

    <p>Metabolic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaerobic respiration

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Requires use of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NAD molecules for every molecule of glucose that is metabolized

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used to provide the energy to fuel metabolic functions such as absorption, secretion, excretion, mechanical work, growth and repair

    <p>Carbohydrate metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

    <p>Electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can remove lipids from the blood and alter their structures

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microtubules, hair, collagen

    <p>Structural proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin, other hormones

    <p>Regulatory proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Actin and myosin

    <p>Contractile proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Essential amino acid for the feline

    <p>Taurine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Occurs in most tissues but is especially important in intestine, kidney liver, brain and skeletal muscle

    <p>Protein catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein synthesis begins in the nucleus, intructions within the DNA are transferred to mRNA () using RNA polymerase and carried to cytoplasm where aa are assembled into proteins () on ribosomes (which are composed of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) with help of transfer RNA (tRNA))

    <p>Transcription, translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amine group removed and becomes ammonia in liver -> converted to urea -> excreted in urine

    <p>Deamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins from food are hydrolized into aa by enzymes, proteases and peptidases, in the GI tract ->liver via hepatic portal system; liver controls subsequent release and use of aa in nonhepatic tissues

    <p>Protein anabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins

    • Cofactors, such as iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium, and potassium, are needed to complete the shape of a binding site in enzymes.
    • Nonprotein organic substances called coenzymes, often derived from vitamins, can also act as cofactors.
    • Metabolic pathways are complex series of biochemical steps that must occur in a particular sequence, with each step involving a specific enzyme.
    • Carbohydrate metabolism is used to provide energy for various metabolic functions and can be obtained from the diet or through the breakdown of glycogen, glycerol, or propionate.
    • Anaerobic respiration, also known as glycolysis, is the process by which glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytosol without requiring oxygen.
    • Pyruvate is further degraded in the mitochondria as part of aerobic respiration, also known as cellular respiration, which produces ATP for the cell.
    • Cellular respiration occurs in two stages: the Kreb's Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) and the Electron Transport System.
    • The Kreb's Cycle generates energy in the form of ATP, FADH2, and NADH molecules, while CO2 is produced as a byproduct.
    • The Electron Transport System produces the majority of ATP for the cell by utilizing FADH2 and NADH.
    • Lipids are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and are insoluble in water but dissolve easily in other lipids or organic solvents.
    • The liver is primarily responsible for lipid metabolism, including lipolysis and beta-oxidation, which converts fatty acids into acetyl-CoA or ketone bodies.
    • Proteins have various functions and structures, including structural, regulatory, contractile, transport, and storage proteins.
    • Protein metabolism involves the hydrolysis of proteins into amino acids, which are then used for protein synthesis or energy production through deamination and transamination processes.

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    Cell Metabolism 2023-1 (1).ppsx

    Description

    Test your knowledge of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism with this quiz! Learn about the essential cofactors and coenzymes involved, the complex pathways, and the breakdown processes of each macronutrient. Challenge yourself with questions on glycolysis, the Kreb's Cycle, and the Electron Transport System. Explore the liver's role in lipid metabolism and understand protein hydrolysis and synthesis.

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