69 Questions
Which process breaks down large sugar molecules into smaller sugar molecules?
Hydrolysis
What are the smaller molecules produced by hydrolysis absorbed through?
Both A and C
Which stage of catabolism occurs intracellularly and does not use oxygen?
Anaerobic respiration
What molecule is produced in the last step of catabolism and is used in aerobic respiration?
Acetyl-CoA
What is the opposite of hydrolysis?
Dehydration synthesis
What are enzymes?
Catalysts
Which enzyme breaks down proteins?
Proteinase
Lipid metabolism
Lipolysis and betaoxidation
What are the three stages of catabolic metabolism?
Hydrolysis, anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration
Where does hydrolysis occur in the cell?
Lumen of GI tract
Which process of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of cells?
Anaerobic respiration
What is the role of enzymes in cell metabolism?
To facilitate metabolic reactions
Which type of metabolism involves assembling new molecules and building large molecules using stored energy?
Anabolism
Protein catabolism
Deamination and transamination
Which molecule is made up of chains of nucleotides?
Nucleic acids
During which phase of mitosis does DNA replication occur?
Interphase
What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
It forms new DNA molecules
What is the genetic code made up of in DNA?
Sequence of Nitrogenous bases
What are the subunits of DNA molecules called?
Genes
Where can protein catabolism occur?
Mitochondria
What is the process that breaks down large molecules by adding water?
Hydrolysis
Where does protein anabolism/synthesis begin?
Nucleus
Protein synthesis
Transcription and translation
Which metabolic pathway involves the breakdown of glycogen, glycerol, or propionate?
Carbohydrate metabolism
Primary controller of lipid metabolism
Liver
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the majority of ATP for the cell?
The Electron Transport System
What is the primary responsibility of the liver in lipid metabolism?
Lipolysis and beta-oxidation
Why do lipids contain more cellular energy than carbs or protein
Higher # of C-H bonds, and energy is stored in bonds between the atoms
What is the process by which proteins are broken down into amino acids?
Deamination and transamination
Catabolism
Breakdown of nutrients and produce energy
Anabolism
Assemble new molecules and use stored energy
Molecular reactions are initiated and controlled by formation and use of specialized proteins called
Enzymes
The process by which glucose is initially converted to G6P via phosphorylation then broken down further into pyruvate occurs in
The cytosol
1st stage of catabolism
Hydrolysis
Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones (produces energy) from carbohydrates (CHO), fats, and proteins
Catabolic metabolism
[HYDROLYSIS] _______ -> __________ + ______ = +
Polysaccharide -> Disaccharide + Water = 1 Monosaccharide + 1 Monosaccharide
[Hydrolysis] Protein -> ____
Amino acids
Nucleic acids -> _________
Nucleotides
[Hydrolysis] Fat -> _____
Both B and C
One water molecule is used each time a nutrient molecule is broken down
Hydrolysis
Large sugar molecule can be broken down (______) into smaller sugar molecules
Hydrolysis
The smaller molecules produced by hydrolysis are absorbed through special absorptive cells called enterocytes that line the _________ and transported to other parts of the body via ________
Small intestines, circulatory and lymphatic systems
Amino acids, glucose, glycerol and fatty acids enter the cell and are further ___________ in the __________
Catabolized, cytoplasm
[Anaerobic respiration] Produces _________ -> converted to _______ -> transported to the ________ where it is used in the last step of catabolism
Pyruvate -> acetyl-CoA-> mitochondria
________ enters the __________ to be used in aerobic respiration
Acetyl-CoA, Kreb's cycle
Cell uses energy in the form of ATP to manufacture substances and perform many vital functions
Anabolic metabolism
Simple sugars assembled to form chains of polysaccharides
Dehydration synthesis
Glycerol and fat are connected to form fat molecules
Dehydration synthesis
Chains of amino acids are assembled to form proteins
Dehydration synthesis
Compartments created within or on the surface of organelles (mitochondria, ER, ribosomes) ___________________
Isolate and allow chemical reactions between molecules to take place
Energy is needed to initiate chemical reactions
Energy of activation
Substances that speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation
Both A and C
Needed to complete the shape of a binding site or to stabilize the enzyme-substrate complex
Cofactors
Non-protein organic substances can act as ______ but are called _________
Cofactors, coenzymes
Complex series of biochemical steps that must occur in a particular sequence, each step involves an enzyme specific for that particular step
Metabolic pathways
Anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis
Requires use of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NAD molecules for every molecule of glucose that is metabolized
Both B and C
Used to provide the energy to fuel metabolic functions such as absorption, secretion, excretion, mechanical work, growth and repair
Carbohydrate metabolism
Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Electron transport chain
Can remove lipids from the blood and alter their structures
Liver
Microtubules, hair, collagen
Structural proteins
Insulin, other hormones
Regulatory proteins
Actin and myosin
Contractile proteins
Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Proteins
Essential amino acid for the feline
Taurine
Occurs in most tissues but is especially important in intestine, kidney liver, brain and skeletal muscle
Protein catabolism
Protein synthesis begins in the nucleus, intructions within the DNA are transferred to mRNA () using RNA polymerase and carried to cytoplasm where aa are assembled into proteins () on ribosomes (which are composed of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) with help of transfer RNA (tRNA))
Transcription, translation
Amine group removed and becomes ammonia in liver -> converted to urea -> excreted in urine
Deamination
Proteins from food are hydrolized into aa by enzymes, proteases and peptidases, in the GI tract ->liver via hepatic portal system; liver controls subsequent release and use of aa in nonhepatic tissues
Protein anabolism
Study Notes
Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
- Cofactors, such as iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium, and potassium, are needed to complete the shape of a binding site in enzymes.
- Nonprotein organic substances called coenzymes, often derived from vitamins, can also act as cofactors.
- Metabolic pathways are complex series of biochemical steps that must occur in a particular sequence, with each step involving a specific enzyme.
- Carbohydrate metabolism is used to provide energy for various metabolic functions and can be obtained from the diet or through the breakdown of glycogen, glycerol, or propionate.
- Anaerobic respiration, also known as glycolysis, is the process by which glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytosol without requiring oxygen.
- Pyruvate is further degraded in the mitochondria as part of aerobic respiration, also known as cellular respiration, which produces ATP for the cell.
- Cellular respiration occurs in two stages: the Kreb's Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) and the Electron Transport System.
- The Kreb's Cycle generates energy in the form of ATP, FADH2, and NADH molecules, while CO2 is produced as a byproduct.
- The Electron Transport System produces the majority of ATP for the cell by utilizing FADH2 and NADH.
- Lipids are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and are insoluble in water but dissolve easily in other lipids or organic solvents.
- The liver is primarily responsible for lipid metabolism, including lipolysis and beta-oxidation, which converts fatty acids into acetyl-CoA or ketone bodies.
- Proteins have various functions and structures, including structural, regulatory, contractile, transport, and storage proteins.
- Protein metabolism involves the hydrolysis of proteins into amino acids, which are then used for protein synthesis or energy production through deamination and transamination processes.
Test your knowledge of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism with this quiz! Learn about the essential cofactors and coenzymes involved, the complex pathways, and the breakdown processes of each macronutrient. Challenge yourself with questions on glycolysis, the Kreb's Cycle, and the Electron Transport System. Explore the liver's role in lipid metabolism and understand protein hydrolysis and synthesis.
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