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Questions and Answers
What are the four major macromolecules?
What are the four major macromolecules?
- Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids (correct)
- Proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and nucleic acids
- Nucleic acids, vitamins, proteins, and glucose
- Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals
What is dehydration synthesis?
What is dehydration synthesis?
- A type of reaction that allows for the bonding of nucleotides
- The process of breaking down a polymer into monomers using water
- The formation of a polymer by removing water from monomers (correct)
- A reaction that produces energy in the form of heat
What are the main types of monomers for carbohydrates?
What are the main types of monomers for carbohydrates?
- Nucleotides and monosaccharides
- Amino acids and fatty acids
- Fatty acids and glycerol
- Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose (correct)
Which statement correctly describes the structure of triglycerides?
Which statement correctly describes the structure of triglycerides?
What is the primary function of cholesterol in the body?
What is the primary function of cholesterol in the body?
Which of the following carbohydrates provides structural support in plant cell walls?
Which of the following carbohydrates provides structural support in plant cell walls?
What are lipids primarily characterized by?
What are lipids primarily characterized by?
What elements are commonly found in lipids?
What elements are commonly found in lipids?
What are amino acids primarily known for?
What are amino acids primarily known for?
What type of bonds link amino acids in a polypeptide?
What type of bonds link amino acids in a polypeptide?
What is the primary role of DNA within a cell?
What is the primary role of DNA within a cell?
Which term describes the enzyme-substrate interaction hypothesis where the enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate?
Which term describes the enzyme-substrate interaction hypothesis where the enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate?
What structure does RNA typically possess?
What structure does RNA typically possess?
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in all types of cells?
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in all types of cells?
What happens to an enzyme when it becomes denatured?
What happens to an enzyme when it becomes denatured?
Who among the following is NOT recognized as a contributor to the cell theory?
Who among the following is NOT recognized as a contributor to the cell theory?
What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?
What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?
What is the structure of DNA described as?
What is the structure of DNA described as?
Flashcards
What are Polymers?
What are Polymers?
Large molecules made by bonding (chemically linking) a series of building blocks.
What is Dehydration Synthesis?
What is Dehydration Synthesis?
When two molecules or compounds are joined to form a larger molecule following the removal of water.
What is Hydrolysis?
What is Hydrolysis?
A chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.
What is a Carbohydrate?
What is a Carbohydrate?
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What is the function of Glycogen?
What is the function of Glycogen?
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What is the function of Cellulose?
What is the function of Cellulose?
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What are Lipids?
What are Lipids?
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What is the function of Triglycerides?
What is the function of Triglycerides?
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What are Amino Acids?
What are Amino Acids?
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What are Polypeptides?
What are Polypeptides?
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Functions of Proteins
Functions of Proteins
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What are Enzymes?
What are Enzymes?
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What is a Denatured Enzyme?
What is a Denatured Enzyme?
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What is the structure of an Enzyme-Substrate Complex?
What is the structure of an Enzyme-Substrate Complex?
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Lock and Key Hypothesis vs Induced-Fit Model
Lock and Key Hypothesis vs Induced-Fit Model
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What are the monomers of Nucleic Acids?
What are the monomers of Nucleic Acids?
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What is the function of DNA?
What is the function of DNA?
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What is the structure of DNA?
What is the structure of DNA?
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Study Notes
Macromolecules
- Four major macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
- Organic molecules are typically composed of carbon atoms with other atoms (like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) attached.
- Monomers are small molecules that bond to form larger polymers.
Monomers
- Four main types of monomers: sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides.
Polymers
- Polymers are large molecules formed by the chemical bonding of monomers.
Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis
- Dehydration synthesis joins molecules by removing water.
- Hydrolysis breaks molecules apart using water.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are organic compounds (like sugars and starches)
- Elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)
- Function: energy storage
- Monomers: monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose)
- Polymers: starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
- Functions of carbohydrate polymers:
- Starch: energy storage in plants
- Glycogen: energy storage in animals
- Cellulose: structural support in plant cell walls
- Chitin: structural support in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls
Lipids
- Lipids are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water.
- Elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)
- Monomers: glycerol and fatty acids
- Structures:
- Triglycerides: glycerol + 3 fatty acids, store energy.
- Phospholipids: glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group, cell membrane barrier.
- Cholesterol: four connected carbon rings, short tail, and hydroxyl group, cell membrane component, hormone precursor.
Proteins
- Monomers: amino acids
- Amino acids are organic molecules building blocks of proteins.
- Polymers: polypeptides, long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- Functions: structural support, regulate gene expression, transport molecules (e.g., oxygen), and defend against disease (e.g., antibodies).
- Enzyme structure: specific three-dimensional shapes.
- Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions.
- Denatured enzyme: loses its structure and function due to heat or chemicals.
- Lock and Key v. Induced Fit: models describing enzyme-substrate interaction; Lock and Key is strict fit, Induced Fit is flexible fit.
- Enzyme-substrate complex: temporary combination of enzyme and substrate during a reaction.
Nucleic Acids
- Monomers: nitrogen-containing base, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and phosphate group.
- DNA: carries genetic information, double helix structure (adenine pairs with thymine, guanine pairs with cytosine).
- RNA: carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, single-stranded structure, (adenine pairs with uracil).
Cell Theory
- All living things are composed of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
- Contributors: Robert Hooke, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, Rudolf Virchow.
- Organelles found in all cells: Ribosomes (protein synthesis).
Cell Organelles (Specific to cell types)
- Bacteria: plasmids
- Animal: lysosomes
- Plant: chloroplasts, large central vacuoles
Further Organelle functions (missing from the original text)
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
- Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
- Nucleus: controls cell activities, contains DNA.
- Lysosomes: break down waste materials using enzymes.
- Ribosomes (function): synthesize proteins.
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