Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the basic unit/structure that macromolecules can be composed of?
What is the basic unit/structure that macromolecules can be composed of?
monomeric
Proteins have a stable 3D structure and are biologically active.
Proteins have a stable 3D structure and are biologically active.
True
Peptide bonds are used to connect _________ in a polypeptide.
Peptide bonds are used to connect _________ in a polypeptide.
polypeptide
Which of the following are examples of disaccharides? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are examples of disaccharides? (Select all that apply)
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What are lipids not formed by the same type of linear polymerization as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides?
What are lipids not formed by the same type of linear polymerization as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides?
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What is the main function of triacylglycerols?
What is the main function of triacylglycerols?
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Trans fats are naturally abundant in nature.
Trans fats are naturally abundant in nature.
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Cholesterol is found primarily in the _____ membranes of animal cells.
Cholesterol is found primarily in the _____ membranes of animal cells.
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Match the following lipid classes with their functions:
Match the following lipid classes with their functions:
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What are the roles of nucleic acids in cells?
What are the roles of nucleic acids in cells?
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Which sugar is found in DNA?
Which sugar is found in DNA?
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RNA contains the 5-carbon sugar ribose. (True/False)
RNA contains the 5-carbon sugar ribose. (True/False)
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Match the nucleotide bases with their respective types:
Match the nucleotide bases with their respective types:
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What type of bonding links nucleotides in nucleic acids?
What type of bonding links nucleotides in nucleic acids?
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How many hydrogen bonds form between A and T in DNA?
How many hydrogen bonds form between A and T in DNA?
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Who postulated the double helix structure of DNA in 1953?
Who postulated the double helix structure of DNA in 1953?
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RNA is normally double-stranded. (True/False)
RNA is normally double-stranded. (True/False)
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Study Notes
Macromolecules and Cell Components
- Macromolecules can be composed of a single type of basic unit/structure
- Monomeric units are the building blocks of macromolecules
Protein Structure
- Proteins are composed of amino acids (aa) linked together by peptide bonds
- Each protein has a unique amino acid sequence
- The structure of an amino acid determines its binding properties
- Amino acids can be polar or non-polar, affecting their binding properties
- Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bonds are important in protein structure
Protein Folding
- Proteins fold into a stable, 3D structure that is biologically active
- Folding is influenced by the amino acid sequence and the interactions between amino acids
- The final shape of a protein is determined by its most stable conformation
- Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions contribute to protein folding
Protein Functions
- Different proteins have different functions due to their unique amino acid sequences
- Proteins can interact with each other and with other molecules
- Subunits of proteins can come together to form a functional protein
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds
- Monosaccharides can be linked together in different ways to form different carbohydrates
- Examples of carbohydrates include maltose, sucrose, and lactose
Cell Components
- Receptor proteins help facilitate interactions between cells and their environment
- Proteins can interact with nucleic acids and other cell components
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store, transmit, and express genetic information, influencing heredity and traits.
- They are linear polymers of nucleotides, with four different types of nucleotides in each molecule.
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) differ chemically and functionally.
DNA vs RNA
- DNA is double-stranded, resides in the nucleus, and contains the sugar deoxyribose.
- RNA is single-stranded, found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and contains the sugar ribose.
- There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
RNA Synthesis and Polypeptide Synthesis
- Transcription: a segment of DNA (a gene) directs the synthesis of a complementary molecule of mRNA.
- mRNA export: the processed mRNA exits the nucleus through nuclear pores.
- Translation: a ribosome attaches to the mRNA to read the coded information, and tRNA molecules bring the correct amino acids to add to the polypeptide chain.
Other Types of RNA
- Micro RNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) regulate gene expression.
The Monomers Are Nucleotides
- Nucleotides consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing aromatic base.
- There are four types of nucleotides, each with a different base: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) in DNA, with uracil (U) replacing thymine in RNA.
The Polymers Are DNA and RNA
- Nucleotides are linked by a 3',5' phosphodiester bridge, creating a polynucleotide with directionality (5' to 3').
Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- A preexisting molecule is used to ensure that new nucleotides are added in the correct order.
- The template and incoming nucleotides form complementary base pairs.
Complementary Base Pairing
- Adenine (A) forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine (T), and guanine (G) forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine (C).
The DNA Molecule Is a Double-Stranded Helix
- Francis Crick and James Watson described the double helix structure of DNA in 1953.
- The double helix consists of two anti-parallel and complementary strands of DNA twisted around a common axis.
Lipids
- Lipids are not formed by linear polymerization, but are regarded as macromolecules due to their high molecular weight and importance in cellular structures, especially membranes.
- Features of lipids include:
- Hydrophobic nature, making them insoluble in water
- Amphipathic properties, with polar and nonpolar regions
- Functions include energy storage, membrane structure, and specific biological functions (e.g., signal transmission)
Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols
- Fatty acids are components of triacylglycerols and phospholipids.
- Fatty acid structure consists of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end.
- Triacylglycerols contain a glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached.
Phospholipids
- Phospholipids are important for membrane structure due to their amphipathic nature.
- Phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids are two classes of phospholipids.
- Phosphoglycerides have a phosphatidic acid backbone, with two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol molecule.
Steroids and Glycolipids
- Steroids are lipids with a four-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton, including cholesterol and steroid hormones.
- Glycolipids are lipids containing a carbohydrate group, often attached to a sphingosine or glycerol backbone.
Terpenes
- Terpenes are synthesized from the five-carbon compound isoprene.
- Examples of isoprene-based compounds include vitamin A, carotenoid pigments, dolichols, and electron carriers like coenzyme Q.
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Description
This quiz covers the composition of macromolecules, their breakdown, and their relation to cellular components. It also explores the role of water in these processes.
