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Questions and Answers
What is the basic unit/structure that macromolecules can be composed of?
monomeric
Proteins have a stable 3D structure and are biologically active.
True
Peptide bonds are used to connect _________ in a polypeptide.
polypeptide
Which of the following are examples of disaccharides? (Select all that apply)
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What are lipids not formed by the same type of linear polymerization as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides?
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What is the main function of triacylglycerols?
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Trans fats are naturally abundant in nature.
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Cholesterol is found primarily in the _____ membranes of animal cells.
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Match the following lipid classes with their functions:
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What are the roles of nucleic acids in cells?
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Which sugar is found in DNA?
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RNA contains the 5-carbon sugar ribose. (True/False)
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Match the nucleotide bases with their respective types:
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What type of bonding links nucleotides in nucleic acids?
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How many hydrogen bonds form between A and T in DNA?
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Who postulated the double helix structure of DNA in 1953?
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RNA is normally double-stranded. (True/False)
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Study Notes
Macromolecules and Cell Components
- Macromolecules can be composed of a single type of basic unit/structure
- Monomeric units are the building blocks of macromolecules
Protein Structure
- Proteins are composed of amino acids (aa) linked together by peptide bonds
- Each protein has a unique amino acid sequence
- The structure of an amino acid determines its binding properties
- Amino acids can be polar or non-polar, affecting their binding properties
- Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bonds are important in protein structure
Protein Folding
- Proteins fold into a stable, 3D structure that is biologically active
- Folding is influenced by the amino acid sequence and the interactions between amino acids
- The final shape of a protein is determined by its most stable conformation
- Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions contribute to protein folding
Protein Functions
- Different proteins have different functions due to their unique amino acid sequences
- Proteins can interact with each other and with other molecules
- Subunits of proteins can come together to form a functional protein
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds
- Monosaccharides can be linked together in different ways to form different carbohydrates
- Examples of carbohydrates include maltose, sucrose, and lactose
Cell Components
- Receptor proteins help facilitate interactions between cells and their environment
- Proteins can interact with nucleic acids and other cell components
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store, transmit, and express genetic information, influencing heredity and traits.
- They are linear polymers of nucleotides, with four different types of nucleotides in each molecule.
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) differ chemically and functionally.
DNA vs RNA
- DNA is double-stranded, resides in the nucleus, and contains the sugar deoxyribose.
- RNA is single-stranded, found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and contains the sugar ribose.
- There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
RNA Synthesis and Polypeptide Synthesis
- Transcription: a segment of DNA (a gene) directs the synthesis of a complementary molecule of mRNA.
- mRNA export: the processed mRNA exits the nucleus through nuclear pores.
- Translation: a ribosome attaches to the mRNA to read the coded information, and tRNA molecules bring the correct amino acids to add to the polypeptide chain.
Other Types of RNA
- Micro RNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) regulate gene expression.
The Monomers Are Nucleotides
- Nucleotides consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing aromatic base.
- There are four types of nucleotides, each with a different base: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) in DNA, with uracil (U) replacing thymine in RNA.
The Polymers Are DNA and RNA
- Nucleotides are linked by a 3',5' phosphodiester bridge, creating a polynucleotide with directionality (5' to 3').
Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- A preexisting molecule is used to ensure that new nucleotides are added in the correct order.
- The template and incoming nucleotides form complementary base pairs.
Complementary Base Pairing
- Adenine (A) forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine (T), and guanine (G) forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine (C).
The DNA Molecule Is a Double-Stranded Helix
- Francis Crick and James Watson described the double helix structure of DNA in 1953.
- The double helix consists of two anti-parallel and complementary strands of DNA twisted around a common axis.
Lipids
- Lipids are not formed by linear polymerization, but are regarded as macromolecules due to their high molecular weight and importance in cellular structures, especially membranes.
- Features of lipids include:
- Hydrophobic nature, making them insoluble in water
- Amphipathic properties, with polar and nonpolar regions
- Functions include energy storage, membrane structure, and specific biological functions (e.g., signal transmission)
Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols
- Fatty acids are components of triacylglycerols and phospholipids.
- Fatty acid structure consists of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end.
- Triacylglycerols contain a glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached.
Phospholipids
- Phospholipids are important for membrane structure due to their amphipathic nature.
- Phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids are two classes of phospholipids.
- Phosphoglycerides have a phosphatidic acid backbone, with two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol molecule.
Steroids and Glycolipids
- Steroids are lipids with a four-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton, including cholesterol and steroid hormones.
- Glycolipids are lipids containing a carbohydrate group, often attached to a sphingosine or glycerol backbone.
Terpenes
- Terpenes are synthesized from the five-carbon compound isoprene.
- Examples of isoprene-based compounds include vitamin A, carotenoid pigments, dolichols, and electron carriers like coenzyme Q.
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Description
This quiz covers the composition of macromolecules, their breakdown, and their relation to cellular components. It also explores the role of water in these processes.
