Macrolides

Which of the following are within the subfamily macrolides?

Can you list all of the drugs within the subfamily macrolides?

What drugs are in the subfamily azalides?

Which of the following macrolides is classified as a triamilide?

What is the ranking of macrolides in the World Health Organization's list of medically important antimicrobials?

What is a key characteristic of macrolide molecules?

Choose the correct description of Macrolides regarding their chemistry and formulation

Why are azalides and triamilides less liposoluble in acidic environments?

Which macrolide is known for being extremely sensitive to pH, leading to inactivation?

Which macrolide is coated for oral administration in order to prevent degradation in the stomach?

The oral bioavailability of macrolides is variable between the molecule and their formulations.

Which erythromycin formulation is best absorbed intact from the intestine?

Injectable macrolides have better bioavailability

Why do injectable macrolides have better bioavailability than oral formulations?

What is a key distribution characteristic of macrolides?

Pharmacokinetics: Distribution of macrolides

Which statement is true about macrolide distribution in leukocytes?

What effect does the weak base nature of macrolides have on their distribution?

What macrolide is noted to have lung concentrations higher than concentration in the liver and kidneys in food animals?

Which macrolide has the highest lung concentration compared to liver and kidney concentrations in food animals?

Which group of macrolides is known to concentrate more than other macrolides in acidic environments such as milk, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), gastric fluids, purulent material, and prostatic fluid?

How are most macrolides metabolized?

Which macrolide is highly metabolized and undergoes enterohepatic circulation?

Which macrolide has a short half-life due to extensive metabolism?

Which group of macrolides has a longer half-life due to reduced metabolism?

Which macrolides interfere with cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to drug interactions?

How are most macrolides eliminated from the body?

Which macrolide has the longest half-life and is excreted mainly unchanged in bile?

Why is the use of extra-label long-acting macrolides discouraged in dairy cattle?

What effect does enterohepatic circulation have on macrolides like erythromycin?

Which macrolide requires dosage adjustment in renal disease due to partial renal excretion?

The use of ELDU in long-acting macrolide formulations in dairy cattle is strongly encouraged

Which of the following drugs should not be combined with erythromycin due to its interference with cytochrome P450 enzymes?

Why are erythromycin and other macrolides commonly administered with rifampin?

What effect does the co-administration of rifampin have on clarithromycin in foals?

What is the primary mechanism of action of macrolides?

How do macrolides interfere with bacterial protein synthesis?

What pharmacodynamic property determines whether macrolides act as bacteriostatic or bactericidal agents?

Macrolides are most active in which type of environment?

Aside from their antimicrobial properties, macrolides also have what non-antimicrobial effects?

Why should extreme care be taken when administering macrolides to foals with respiratory disease during hot weather?

Which macrolide has the highest potential for cardiotoxicity, especially if administered intravenously in cattle or other species?

Why is the routine use of epinephrine NOT recommended in cases of tilmicosin toxicity in swine?

Which treatment options may be effective in reversing the cardiovascular effects of intravenous tilmicosin toxicity?

Why should tilmicosin only be administered subcutaneously (SC) in ruminants?

Why are most macrolides administered intravenously (IV), subcutaneously (SC), or orally (PO) rather than intramuscularly (IM)?

Which macrolide is an exception to injection site reactions and is given subcutaneously (SC) in cattle and intramuscularly (IM) in swine?

What are macrolides spectrum of activity?

The macrolide, _____________, is more active against staphylococci, streptococci, Chlamydia and R. equi

Which macrolide is more active against Gram-negative bacteria and anaerobes compared to erythromycin?

Which two macrolides are active against Helicobacter spp?

Which macrolide has high activity against Gram-negative respiratory pathogens and Mycoplasma bovis in vitro?

Bacterial resistance to macrolides develops quickly from _________________.

Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of bacterial resistance to macrolides?

What is a major concern with the widespread use of macrolides in both human and veterinary medicine?

Which formulation of erythromycin is labeled for use in both food animals and small animals?

What is the labeled formulation of erythromycin for dairy cattle?

There are multiple injectable and oral formulations of macrolides approved in food animals

Which macrolide is available as an injectable formulation for subcutaneous (SC) use in cattle and sheep and as an oral premix for swine and cattle?

Tulathromycin is labeled for administration via which routes in cattle and swine?

The macrolide __________, is also labeled for SC administration in beef cattle

Erythromycin has multiple clinical uses in small animals. What has erythromycin been used to treat?

Which macrolide is commonly used in cats for treating Chlamydophila and Mycoplasma respiratory infections?

Why is azithromycin often preferred over erythromycin in small animals?

What is erythromycin recommended for in small animals?

Why is erythromycin usually limited to foals for the treatment of Rhodococcus equi infections?

Which two macrolides are considered the newest “one-shot” treatments for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef cattle?

What is a key reason tulathromycin is effective as a one-shot treatment for bovine respiratory disease (BRD)?

What is tilmicosin used to treat in rabbits?