Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality

Travel for education and pleasure, primarily by upper-class men, to cultural centers like France and Italy, during the Renaissance and Elizabethan eras.

Travel to medicinal baths (spas) for health and wellness.

Increased productivity, employment, & urbanization, making leisure travel more accessible.

Steam power allowed easier and cheaper transportation, leading to day trips and coastal resorts.

A travel agent who organized the first excursion train trip and tours, and introduced "circular notes" for payments.

A popular guidebook, like Baedecker, provided information for European travel.

Travel for completing a gentleman's education, often a Grand Tour of Europe.

Advancements in technology, such as steam power, significantly boosted tourism's popularity and size.

Post-World War I, travel methods shifted significantly, with the rise of automobiles decreasing rail use and the introduction of jet travel further diminishing sea travel.

Post-war economic recovery increased discretionary income and leisure time, leading to a surge in travel and recreation.

Growing private car ownership caused a shift in travel choices, impacting both bus and train travel and demand for rental cars.

In the Philippines, unregistered private vehicles operated as tourist transport. This was illegal.

Philippine tourism, from its earliest days, was centered on food searching and later, trade routes between Mexico and the Philippines.

World War I's influence on tourism was significant, changing the volume of tourism globally.

Pleasure travel increased in the early 20th century due to wealth, curiosity and easier travel.

The Philippine Tourist and Travel Association (PTTA) coordinated existing travel establishments for both domestic and international travelers.

Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) is a common travel motivation.

Desire to leave daily routine & familiar life for novelty and change.

Seeking rejuvenation, energy, and interest. Includes spas, resorts and health retreats.

Seeking active leisure involves physical activities like hiking, diving, or skiing, attracting tourists.

Two components of Maslow's esteem theory include self-esteem and esteem from others.

Leisure is the state of being free from lower-level needs, suggesting self-actualization is the goal of leisure.

Travel motivated by the need for social interaction and connection with others.

Desire to visit the homeland or ancestral lands.

Trips offered to salespeople for reaching sales goals, often combined with business meetings, especially for foreign destinations.

Reasons companies use incentive trips, including increasing sales, selling new accounts, boosting morale and goodwill.

Industries commonly using incentive travel, including insurance, electronics, automobiles, and office equipment.

People who travel for vacation or leisure, often concerned about travel costs.

Increased popularity of leisure travel due to rising incomes, urbanization, and more time off.

Categories of personal travelers, including resort, family, elderly, and couples/singles.

Usually well-educated individuals with high incomes, often in professional or managerial roles.

Categories of family travelers based on age and children's ages and education levels: Junior, Mid-range, and Mature families.

Parents with older children prioritize educational experiences, trying new things, and strengthening family bonds through travel.

People aged 50+ who have the financial means and desire to travel extensively.

Singles and couples travel to fulfill psychological, intellectual, and physical needs, seeking rest, relaxation, and freedom from daily routines.

The most significant obstacles to travel are lack of money, time, safety/security, physical limitations, family commitments, and a lack of interest in travel itself.

Money is the primary barrier to travel, as wealthier individuals travel more often.

Even with the desire and financial ability, time limitations prevent people from traveling.

The elderly may face health limitations, including heart problems and respiratory illnesses, that discourage travel.

Parenting responsibilities, especially with young children, limit travel opportunities.

International tourists' choices are categorized into relaxation vs. activity, familiarity vs. novelty, dependence vs. autonomy, and order vs. disorder.

Changes in work schedules have led to an increase in the demand for leisure activities, unlike the past that often valued relaxation.

Tourists often prefer familiar experiences on their first trips, like food or things from home, more so than something new.

Tourists' desire for personal control over their travel arrangements is growing, moving away from packaged tours that offer limited choices.

Combining familiarity and novelty creates different tourist behaviors, classified into four types.

Travel focused on particular activities, like bird watching, festivals, etc.

Pre-arranged trips offering transportation, lodging, and activities.

The desire for greater independence and choice in travel planning.