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• The galleon trade was a maritime route that facilitated the exchange of goods between the Philippines and Mexico from 1565 to 1815.
• Spanish ships, known as Manila galleons, operated the trade route.
• Another name for it was the Nao de China or Nao de Acapulco.

The French Revolution

• This was a period of political and social upheaval in France, lasting from 1789 to 1799.
• The goal was to change the dynamics between the French people and their rulers.

Principalías in the Spanish Philippines

• The principalía consisted of noble upper class and aristocrats.

• They were the ruling class in towns and were often educated in Europe.

• Poon or punò means chief or head of a lineage.

• Ginoo refers to a noble by lineage, parentage, family, and descent.

• Maguinoo means principal in lineage or parentage.

• The principalia were wealthy and powerful townspeople during the Spanish period.

• A mestizo is a person with mixed European and non-European heritage within the former Spanish Empire.

• The Cádiz Constitution of 1812 aimed to remove the diverse bodies of laws and privileges, instead creating a society of citizens with equal rights and duties.

• Brigandage is practiced by a brigand who is typically part of a gang living by pillage and robbery.

• Tulisanes is a Tagalog word translating to "Philippine bandit" or "ladrone," also referring to a robber, brigand, outlaw, or armed person.

• The Suez Canal is a man-made waterway in Egypt.

• It connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.

• It is a vital trade route that allows ships to travel between Europe and Asia without going around Africa.

• A reform and propaganda movement is a peaceful political campaign where people, often intellectuals or activists, use public communication, writing, speeches, and publications to demand changes or reforms within a system.

• It is an aggressive but peaceful campaign for reform in the Philippines led by Filipino ilustrados and sympathetic foreigners, demanding equal treatment under the law, making the Philippines a province of Spain, and restoring Filipino representation.

Goods Traded From the Philippines to Acapulco (Mexico)

• Spices
• Silk
• Porcelain
• Cotton and Textiles
• Ivory
• Gold and Silverware
• Lacquerware
• Indigo

Goods Traded From Acapulco (Mexico) to the Philippines

• Silver
• Wheat and Corn
• Chocolate (Cacao)
• Horses
• Wine and Liquor
• Religious Items
• Weapons and Gunpowder
• Burgos, along with fathers Jacinto Zamora and Mariano Gomez, were executed on February 17, 1872.
• Rizal was born in 1861.

Social Conditions

• Predominantly feudalistic
• Exploitation of the masses by the elite
• Pyramidal structure of the 19th-century society
• Peninsulares and Friars
• Insulares, Creoles, and Mestizos
• Indios
• Presence of racial discrimination

Economic Conditions

• Open to foreign trade
• Rise of foreign firms in Manila
• Increase in agricultural production
• Sons were sent to Europe for education
• Those sent to Europe learned new intellectual and political ideas

Political Conditions

• The islands were governed by Ministerio de Ultramar.
• Executive, legislative, judicial, and religious powers existed.
• Central government and the three minor sectors: provincial, municipal, and city government
• Revolts, brigandage, and tulisanes: Guardia Civil
• Dominance of the Catholic Church: discrimination among priests

Education and the Rise of the Ilustrados

• Opening of markets and the Suez Canal
• Ilustrados: reforms in the Philippines
• Reform and propaganda movement: nationalism and equality, and liberalism
• Secular priests' and students' involvement

Republic Act No. 1425

• This Republic Act requires courses on the life, works, and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, to be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges, and universities, public or private.
• In collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be used as basic texts.
• Schools, colleges, and universities must maintain an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of Rizal's novels, as well as his other works and biography, in their libraries.
• Unexpurgated editions and translations of Rizal's writings should be included in the list of approved books for required reading.
• The Board of National Education is responsible for translating Rizal's works into English, Tagalog, and other Philippine dialects, printing them in cheap editions, and distributing them free of charge through local organizations.
• Religious doctrines are not to be discussed by teachers in public schools per the Administrative Code.
• 300,000 pesos were allocated to carry out the purposes of this Act.
• This Act was approved on June 12, 1956.